Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are systemic diseases that manifest not only in the gut and gastrointestinal tract, but also in the extraintestinal organs in many patients. The quality of life for patients with IBD can be substantially affected by these extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs). It is important to have knowledge of the prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of EIMs in order to adapt therapeutic options to cover all aspects of IBD. EIMs can occur in up to 24% of patients with IBD before the onset of intestinal symptoms, and need to be recognized to initiate appropriate diagnostic procedures. EIMs most frequently affect joints, skin, or eyes, but can also affect other organs, such as the liver, lung, and pancreas. It is a frequent misconception that a successful therapy of the intestinal inflammation will be sufficient to treat EIMs satisfactorily in most patients with IBD. In general, peripheral arthritis, oral aphthous ulcers, episcleritis, or erythema nodosum can be associated with active intestinal inflammation and can improve on standard treatment of the intestinal inflammation. However, anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis usually occur independent of disease flares. This review provides a comprehensive overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of EIMs in IBD.

炎症性肠病 (IBD) 是一种全身性疾病，不仅表现在肠道和胃肠道，而且在许多患者的肠外器官中也有表现。IBD 患者的生活质量可能会受到这些肠外表现 (EIM) 的显着影响。重要的是要了解 EIM 的患病率、病理生理学和临床表现，以便调整治疗方案以涵盖 IBD 的所有方面。在肠道症状出现之前，高达 24% 的 IBD 患者可能发生 EIM，需要识别 EIM 以启动适当的诊断程序。EIM 最常影响关节、皮肤或眼睛，但也会影响其他器官，例如肝脏、肺和胰腺。一种常见的误解是，肠道炎症的成功治疗足以在大多数 IBD 患者中令人满意地治疗 EIM。一般来说，外周关节炎、口腔阿弗他溃疡、巩膜外层炎或结节性红斑可能与活动性肠道炎症有关，并且可以改善肠道炎症的标准治疗。然而，前葡萄膜炎、强直性脊柱炎和原发性硬化性胆管炎通常独立于疾病发作而发生。本综述全面概述了 IBD 中 EIM 的流行病学、病理生理学、临床表现和治疗。或结节性红斑可能与活动性肠道炎症有关，并且可以改善肠道炎症的标准治疗。然而，前葡萄膜炎、强直性脊柱炎和原发性硬化性胆管炎通常独立于疾病发作而发生。本综述全面概述了 IBD 中 EIM 的流行病学、病理生理学、临床表现和治疗。或结节性红斑可能与活动性肠道炎症有关，并且可以改善肠道炎症的标准治疗。然而，前葡萄膜炎、强直性脊柱炎和原发性硬化性胆管炎通常独立于疾病发作而发生。本综述全面概述了 IBD 中 EIM 的流行病学、病理生理学、临床表现和治疗。