Despite their sustainability, the potential of biocatalytic processes in industrial production is far from being realized. The main challenges in this field are the development of highly active, robust, and stable biocatalysts, the efficient regeneration of cofactors, and the prevention of biocatalyst deactivation under harsh industrial conditions. In addition to biocatalyst engineering, efficient enzyme and cell immobilization plays a crucial role in process feasibility. Reactor miniaturization, continuous operation, and integration with in situ product removal, process analytics, and cascade reactions that reduce the number of process steps enable process intensification. Mathematical model–based reactor and process design comprising time-scale analysis and efficient capacity increase can push the boundaries of biocatalytic processes toward industrial requirements. This review highlights the latest trends in efficient biocatalyst immobilization, miniaturization, and process integration to intensify biocatalytic processes.

尽管具有可持续性，但生物催化过程在工业生产中的潜力远未实现。该领域的主要挑战是开发高活性、稳健和稳定的生物催化剂、辅助因子的有效再生以及在恶劣的工业条件下防止生物催化剂失活。除了生物催化剂工程外，高效的酶和细胞固定化在工艺可行性方面也起着至关重要的作用。反应器小型化、连续运行和原位集成产品去除、过程分析和级联反应减少了过程步骤的数量，从而实现了过程强化。基于数学模型的反应器和工艺设计包括时间尺度分析和有效的产能增加，可以将生物催化工艺的边界推向工业要求。本综述重点介绍了高效生物催化剂固定化、小型化和工艺集成以加强生物催化工艺的最新趋势。