ABSTRACT

The question of what held functionally differentiated societies together was one of the key concerns that drove the nascent social sciences in the late nineteenth century. Whereas the term society did not imply personal attachment, the idea of community, by contrast, was thought to be rooted in belonging and togetherness, and hence in emotions. In the social world of medieval monasticism community and society were interwoven in myriad ways. Over time, the lines that connected them, both discursively and praxeologically, shifted in unison with changes to their ascribed meanings. My study is divided into three parts, in each of which practices of commemorating the dead are connected to issues of gender and kinship. In the first section, I will focus on the Revelations of Gertrud the Great, in order to draw attention to the eschatological and anthropological foundations of memorial practice. The second section will focus on anniversary endowments that are documented in monastic charters and seek to establish the extent to which they offered leeway to tailor commemoration. The third section will focus on the same question, but use a single necrology as a starting point. The chronological focus will rest primarily, but not solely, on the fourteenth century, which in many respects marks a turning point in the history of the ever-changing, always gendered relationship between the individual, community and society.

摘要

什么将功能分化的社会结合在一起的问题是推动 19 世纪后期新兴社会科学发展的关键问题之一。社会一词并不意味着个人依恋，相反，社区的概念被认为植根于归属感和团结，因此植根于情感。在中世纪修道院的社会世界中，社区和社会以无数种方式交织在一起。随着时间的推移，将它们连接起来的线条，无论是在话语上还是在行为学上，都随着它们所赋予的含义的变化而一致地发生变化。我的研究分为三个部分，在每个部分中，纪念死者的做法都与性别和亲属关系相关。在第一部分中，我将重点介绍启示录格特鲁德大帝，以引起人们对纪念实践的末世学和人类学基础的关注。第二部分将侧重于修道院章程中记录的周年捐赠，并试图确定它们为定制纪念活动提供了多大的余地。第三部分将关注相同的问题，但使用单一的尸检作为起点。按时间顺序排列的重点将主要但不仅限于 14 世纪，这在许多方面标志着个人、社区和社会之间不断变化的、始终具有性别关系的历史上的一个转折点。