There is a wide array of evidence across species that exposure to antibiotics is associated with dysbiosis, and due to their widespread use, this also raises concerns also in medicine. The study aimed to determine the changes on the fecal microbiota in hospitalized neonatal foals administered with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supplemented probiotics. Fecal samples were collected at hospital admission (Ta), at the end of the antimicrobial treatment (Te) and at discharge (Td). Feces were analysed by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on Illumina MiSeq. Seven foals treated with IV ampicillin and amikacin/gentamicin were included. The mean age at Ta was 19 h, the mean treatment length was 7 days and the mean time between Te and Td was 4.3 days. Seven phyla were identified: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, TM7 and Verrucomicrobia. At Ta, Firmicutes (48.19%) and Proteobacteria (31.56%) were dominant. The alpha diversity decreased from Ta to Te, but it was the highest at Td. The beta diversity was higher at Ta than at Te and higher at Td than at Te. An increase in Akkermansia over time was detected. The results suggest that the intestinal microbiota of neonatal foals rapidly returns to a high diversity after treatment. It is possible that in foals, the effect of antimicrobials is strongly influenced or overshadowed by the time-dependent changes in the developing gut microbiota.

中文翻译：

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补充益生菌的住院新生小马驹中与广谱抗生素给药相关的粪便微生物群的变化

跨物种的大量证据表明，接触抗生素与生态失调有关，由于抗生素的广泛使用，这也引起了医学界的担忧。该研究旨在确定接受广谱抗菌药物和补充益生菌的住院新生小马驹粪便微生物群的变化。在入院 (Ta)、抗菌治疗结束 (Te) 和出院 (Td) 时收集粪便样本。通过在 Illumina MiSeq 上对 16S rRNA 基因进行二代测序分析粪便。包括用 IV 氨苄青霉素和阿米卡星/庆大霉素处理的七匹小马驹。Ta 的平均年龄为 19 小时，平均处理时间为 7 天，Te 和 Td 之间的平均时间为 4.3 天。确定了七个门：放线菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、梭杆菌门、Proteobacteria、TM7 和疣微菌。在 Ta，厚壁菌门 (48.19%) 和变形菌门 (31.56%) 占优势。alpha 多样性从 Ta 到 Te 递减，但在 Td 时最高。Ta 的 β 多样性高于 Te，Td 的 β 多样性高于 Te。增加随着时间的推移，Akkermansi被检测到。结果表明，新生小马驹的肠道微生物群在治疗后迅速恢复到高度多样性。在小马驹中，抗菌剂的作用可能受到肠道微生物群发展中的时间依赖性变化的强烈影响或掩盖。