Background

Premature adrenarche is a condition of childhood adrenal androgen excess (AAE) in the absence of gonadotropin-dependent puberty, and has been linked to insulin resistance and progression to metabolic syndrome. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with progression of inflammatory states and chronic diseases. Here, we aimed to examine the salivary microbiomes of children with AAE and assess the relationship with adrenal androgens and metabolic parameters.

Methods

In a prospective cross-sectional study of children with AAE and healthy controls, adrenal and metabolic parameters were characterized and salivary microbiome was profiled using V3–V4 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Results

There was increased α-diversity in AAE (5 M, 15 F) compared to controls (3 M, 8 F), with positive correlation of 11OHA4, 11KA4, testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA, and DHEAS. Subanalyses showed increased α-diversity in both overweight/obese AAE and normal weight AAE compared to normal weight controls. Genus Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, and Streptococcus salivarius were increased in normal weight AAE. Genus Prevotella, Abiotrophia, and Neisseria were increased in overweight/obese AAE.

Conclusion

These pilot data demonstrate differences in salivary microbiome profiles of children with and without AAE. Further studies are needed to assess the causal relationships between adrenal androgens, metabolic dysfunction, and salivary microbiome composition.

Impact

• This study is the first to report the salivary microbiome of prepubertal children with adrenal androgen excess (AAE).

• α-Diversity is increased in the salivary microbiome of children with AAE independent of weight status, and in this study cohort several serum androgens are positively associated with α-diversity.

• Several taxa that have been associated with periodontal disease and inflammation are found to be significantly increased in AAE.

中文翻译：

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有和没有肾上腺雄激素过多的青春期前儿童的唾液微生物组差异

背景

肾上腺早熟是在缺乏促性腺激素依赖性青春期的情况下出现儿童肾上腺雄激素过多 (AAE) 的一种情况，并且与胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征的进展有关。微生物失调与炎症状态和慢性疾病的进展有关。在这里，我们旨在检查 AAE 儿童的唾液微生物组，并评估与肾上腺雄激素和代谢参数的关系。

方法

在一项针对 AAE 儿童和健康对照者的前瞻性横断面研究中，对肾上腺和代谢参数进行了表征，并使用 V3-V4 16S rDNA 基因扩增子测序对唾液微生物组进行了分析。

结果

与对照组（3 M，8 F）相比，AAE（5 M，15 F）的 α 多样性增加，与 11OHA4、11KA4、睾酮、雄烯二酮、DHEA 和 DHEAS 呈正相关。子分析显示，与正常体重对照相比，超重/肥胖 AAE 和正常体重 AAE 的 α-多样性增加。消化链球菌属、韦荣球菌属和唾液链球菌属在正常体重 AAE 中增加。普氏菌属、厌食菌属和奈瑟菌属在超重/肥胖 AAE 中增加。

结论

这些试点数据表明患有和未患有 AAE 的儿童的唾液微生物组特征存在差异。需要进一步的研究来评估肾上腺雄激素、代谢功能障碍和唾液微生物组成之间的因果关系。

影响

• 这项研究首次报告了患有肾上腺雄激素过多 (AAE) 的青春期前儿童的唾液微生物组。

• AAE 儿童唾液微生物组的 α-多样性增加，与体重状态无关，在本研究队列中，几种血清雄激素与 α-多样性呈正相关。

• 发现与牙周病和炎症相关的几种分类群在 AAE 中显着增加。