Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently a standard procedure for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Many centers employ awake physiological navigation and stimulation assessment to optimize DBS localization and outcome. To enable DBS under sedation, asleep DBS, we characterized the cortico-basal ganglia neuronal network of two nonhuman primates under propofol, ketamine, and interleaved propofol-ketamine (IPK) sedation. Further, we compared these sedation states in the healthy and Parkinsonian condition to those of healthy sleep. Ketamine increases high-frequency power and synchronization while propofol increases low-frequency power and synchronization in polysomnography and neuronal activity recordings. Thus, ketamine does not mask the low-frequency oscillations used for physiological navigation toward the basal ganglia DBS targets. The brain spectral state under ketamine and propofol mimicked rapid eye movement (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep activity, respectively, and the IPK protocol resembles the NREM-REM sleep cycle. These promising results are a meaningful step toward asleep DBS with nondistorted physiological navigation.

深部脑刺激 (DBS) 目前是晚期帕金森病的标准程序。许多中心采用清醒生理导航和刺激评估来优化 DBS 定位和结果。为了在镇静状态下启用 DBS，睡眠 DBS，我们表征了两种非人类灵长类动物在丙泊酚、氯胺酮和交错丙泊酚-氯胺酮 (IPK) 镇静下的皮质基底节神经元网络。此外，我们将健康和帕金森病患者的镇静状态与健康睡眠的镇静状态进行了比较。氯胺酮增加高频功率和同步，而丙泊酚增加多导睡眠图和神经元活动记录中的低频功率和同步。因此，氯胺酮不会掩盖用于向基底神经节 DBS 目标进行生理导航的低频振荡。氯胺酮和丙泊酚下的大脑光谱状态分别模拟了快速眼动 (REM) 和非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠活动，IPK 协议类似于 NREM-REM 睡眠周期。这些有希望的结果是朝着具有非失真生理导航的睡眠 DBS 迈出的重要一步。