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Outliers in the LIGO black hole mass function from coagulation in dense clusters
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-30 , DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2203
Jordan Flitter 1, 2 , Julian B Muñoz 3, 4 , Ely D Kovetz 2
Affiliation  

The advanced LIGO O3a run catalogue has been recently published, and it includes several events with unexpected mass properties, including mergers with individual masses in the lower and upper mass gaps, as well as mergers with unusually small mass ratios between the binary components. Here, we entertain the possibility that these outliers are the outcome of hierarchical mergers of black holes or neutron stars in the dense environments of globular clusters. We use the coagulation equation to study the evolution of the black hole mass function within a typical cluster. Our prescription allows us to monitor how various global quantities change with time, such as the total mass and number of compact objects in the cluster, its overall merger rate, and the probability to form intermediate-mass black holes via a runaway process. By accounting for the LIGO observational bias, we predict the merger event distributions with respect to various variables such as the individual masses M1 and M2, their ratio q, and redshift z, and we compare our predictions with the published O3a data. We study how these distributions depend on the merger-rate and ejections parameters and produce forecasts for the (tight) constraints that can be placed on our model parameters using the future data set of the O5 run. Finally, we also consider the presence of a static channel with no coagulation producing merger events alongside the dynamic channel, finding that the two can be distinguished based solely on the merger mass distribution with future O5 data.

中文翻译:

LIGO 黑洞质量函数中的异常值来自密集星团中的凝结

最近发布了先进的 LIGO O3a 运行目录,其中包括几个具有意想不到的质量特性的事件,包括在较低和较高质量间隙中与单个质量的合并,以及在二元组分之间具有异常小的质量比的合并。在这里,我们认为这些异常值是黑洞或中子星在球状星团的密集环境中分层合并的结果。我们使用凝聚方程来研究黑洞质量函数在典型星团内的演化。我们的处方使我们能够监测各种全球量如何随时间变化,例如星团中致密物体的总质量和数量、其整体合并率以及通过失控过程形成中等质量黑洞的概率。通过考虑 LIGO 观测偏差,我们预测合并事件的分布与各种变量有关,例如单个质量 M1 和 M2、它们的比率 q 和红移 z,并将我们的预测与已发布的 O3a 数据进行比较。我们研究了这些分布如何依赖于合并率和喷射参数,并使用 O5 运行的未来数据集对可以放置在我们的模型参数上的(严格)约束进行预测。最后,我们还考虑了在动态通道旁边存在一个没有凝结产生合并事件的静态通道,发现仅基于合并质量分布和未来 O5 数据可以区分两者。他们的比率 q 和红移 z,我们将我们的预测与已发布的 O3a 数据进行比较。我们研究了这些分布如何依赖于合并率和喷射参数,并使用 O5 运行的未来数据集对可以放置在我们的模型参数上的(严格)约束进行预测。最后,我们还考虑了在动态通道旁边存在一个没有凝结产生合并事件的静态通道,发现两者可以仅根据合并质量分布与未来 O5 数据进行区分。他们的比率 q 和红移 z,我们将我们的预测与已发布的 O3a 数据进行比较。我们研究了这些分布如何依赖于合并率和喷射参数,并使用 O5 运行的未来数据集对可以放置在我们的模型参数上的(严格)约束进行预测。最后,我们还考虑了在动态通道旁边存在一个没有凝结产生合并事件的静态通道,发现仅基于合并质量分布和未来 O5 数据可以区分两者。
更新日期:2021-07-30
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