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Transit origami: a method to coherently fold exomoon transits in time series photometry
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-30 , DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2013
David Kipping 1
Affiliation  

One of the simplest ways to identify an exoplanetary transit is to phase fold a photometric time series upon a trial period – leading to a coherent stack when using the correct value. Such phase-folded transits have become a standard data visualization in modern transit discovery papers. There is no analogous folding mechanism for exomoons, which would have to represent some kind of double fold: once for the planet and then another for the moon. Folding with the planet term only, a moon imparts a small decrease in the surrounding out-of-transit averaged intensity, but its incoherent nature makes it far less convincing than the crisp stacks familiar to exoplanet hunters. Here, a new approach is introduced that can be used to achieve the transit origami needed to double fold an exomoon, in the case where a planet exhibits transit timing variations (TTVs). This double fold has just one unknown parameter, the satellite-to-planet mass ratio, and thus a simple one-dimensional grid search can be used to rapidly identify power associated with candidate exomoons. The technique is demonstrated on simulated light curves, exploring the breakdown limits of close-in and/or inclined satellites. As an example, the method is deployed on Kepler-973b, a warm mini-Neptune exhibiting an 8-min TTV, where the possibility that the TTVs are caused by a single exomoon is broadly excluded, with upper limits probing down to a Ganymede-sized moon.

中文翻译:

凌日折纸:一种在时间序列测光中连贯折叠外卫星凌日的方法

识别系外行星凌日的最简单方法之一是在试验期间对光度时间序列进行相位折叠——当使用正确的值时会产生连贯的叠加。这种相位折叠过境已成为现代过境发现论文中的标准数据可视化。外卫星没有类似的折叠机制,它必须代表某种双重折叠:一次用于行星,然后另一次用于月球。仅用行星术语折叠,卫星会使周围的非过境平均强度略有降低,但其不连贯的性质使其远不如系外行星猎人熟悉的清脆堆栈令人信服。在这里,引入了一种新方法,可用于实现双折外卫星所需的过境折纸,在行星表现出凌日时间变化(TTV)的情况下。这种双重折叠只有一个未知参数,即卫星与行星的质量比,因此可以使用简单的一维网格搜索来快速识别与候选系外卫星相关的功率。该技术在模拟光曲线上进行了演示,探索了近距离和/或倾斜卫星的击穿极限。例如,该方法被部署在 Kepler-973b 上,这是一个温暖的迷你海王星,具有 8 分钟的 TTV,其中 TTV 由单个系外卫星引起的可能性被广泛排除,上限探测到木卫三大小的月亮。该技术在模拟光曲线上进行了演示,探索了近距离和/或倾斜卫星的击穿极限。例如,该方法被部署在 Kepler-973b 上,这是一个温暖的迷你海王星,具有 8 分钟的 TTV,其中 TTV 由单个系外卫星引起的可能性被广泛排除,上限探测到木卫三大小的月亮。该技术在模拟光曲线上进行了演示,探索了近距离和/或倾斜卫星的击穿极限。例如,该方法被部署在 Kepler-973b 上,这是一个温暖的迷你海王星,具有 8 分钟的 TTV,其中 TTV 由单个系外卫星引起的可能性被广泛排除,上限探测到木卫三大小的月亮。
更新日期:2021-07-30
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