Graft regeneration after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery is a complex three-stage process, which usually takes a long duration and often results in fibrous scar tissue formation that exerts a detrimental impact on the patients’ prognosis. Hence, as a regeneration technique, stem cell transplantation has attracted increasing attention. Several different stem cell types have been utilized in animal experiments, and almost all of these have shown good capacity in improving tendon-bone regeneration. Various differentiation inducers have been widely applied together with stem cells to enhance specific lineage differentiation, such as recombinant gene transfection, growth factors, and biomaterials. Among the various different types of stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been investigated the most, while ligament stem progenitor cells (LDSCs) have demonstrated the best potential in generating tendon/ligament lineage cells. In the clinic, 4 relevant completed trials have been reported, but only one trial with BMSCs showed improved outcomes, while 5 relevant trials are still in progress. This review describes the process of ACL graft regeneration after implantation and summarizes the current application of stem cells from bench to bedside, as well as discusses future perspectives in this field.

中文翻译：

---

干细胞疗法在ACL移植物再生中的应用

前交叉韧带（ACL）重建手术后的移植物再生是一个复杂的三阶段过程，通常需要很长时间，并经常导致纤维瘢痕组织形成，对患者的预后产生不利影响。因此，干细胞移植作为一种再生技术受到越来越多的关注。几种不同的干细胞类型已用于动物实验，几乎所有这些都显示出良好的促进腱骨再生的能力。各种分化诱导剂与干细胞一起被广泛应用于增强特定谱系分化，如重组基因转染、生长因子和生物材料。在各种不同类型的干细胞中，骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）被研究得最多，而韧带干祖细胞 (LDSCs) 在生成肌腱/韧带谱系细胞方面表现出最佳潜力。在临床上，已经报道了4项相关的已完成试验，但只有1项BMSCs试验显示出改善的结果，而5项相关试验仍在进行中。这篇综述描述了植入后 ACL 移植物再生的过程，总结了干细胞从工作台到床边的当前应用，并讨论了该领域的未来前景。