The dairy industry worldwide is confronting unprecedented challenges including climate change and consistently increasing feed costs, the latter representing a major issue for dairy farmers. Thus, renewed efforts for improving feed efficiency by focusing on biological components within the rumen and peripheral tissues of the animal that contribute to feed efficiency are taking center stage. These efforts have been made possible by the growing application of cutting-edge technology along with management practices that have practical application. The last decade has seen a robust focus on approaches to identify feed-efficient cows, linkages among nutrition and gut microbiota, and understanding antioxidant networks in key metabolic tissues. Because of the well-known role in cellular function and the ability of dairy cows to make a successful transition into lactation, oxidant status and its cellular networks across tissues are a unique target for manipulation through management that can impact feed efficiency. Antioxidant supply is a robust strategy to alleviate pro-oxidant states. Recognition that the antioxidant transcription regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) is present in key metabolic tissues such as adipose and mammary now provides a target for intervention. In addition, the identification of cows capable of maintaining high production levels with lower feed intake has opened a wide field for more efficient animal selection. Recent studies evaluating residual feed intake (RFI) have provided important knowledge on how shifts in ruminal and hindgut microbiome could be part of the mechanism associated with better feed efficiency in dairy cattle. This review mainly focuses on the role of antioxidant networks and gut microbiome in regulating dairy production efficiency.

全球乳业正面临前所未有的挑战，包括气候变化和饲料成本不断增加，后者是奶农面临的主要问题。因此，通过关注有助于饲料效率的动物瘤胃和外周组织内的生物成分来提高饲料效率的新努力正在占据中心地位。尖端技术的不断应用以及具有实际应用的管理实践使这些努力成为可能。在过去的十年中，人们大力关注识别饲料效率高的奶牛、营养和肠道微生物群之间的联系以及了解关键代谢组织中的抗氧化网络的方法。由于众所周知的细胞功能作用和奶牛成功过渡到泌乳的能力，氧化状态及其跨组织的细胞网络是通过管理进行操作的独特目标，可以影响饲料效率。抗氧化剂供应是缓解促氧化状态的有效策略。认识到抗氧化转录调节因子核因子类红细胞 2 (NFE2L2) 存在于脂肪和乳腺等关键代谢组织中，现在为干预提供了一个目标。此外，能够以较低的采食量维持高产量的奶牛的鉴定为更有效的动物选择开辟了广阔的领域。最近评估残留采食量 (RFI) 的研究提供了重要的知识，了解瘤胃和后肠微生物组的变化如何成为提高奶牛饲料效率的机制的一部分。本综述主要关注抗氧化网络和肠道微生物组在调节乳制品生产效率中的作用。