Power electronics systems have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber-physical threats due to their growing penetration in the Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled applications, including connected electric vehicles (EVs). In response to this emerging need, a cyber-physical-security initiative was recently launched by the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS). With increasing connectivity due to vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and the number of electronic control units, connected EVs are facing greater cyber-physical security challenges. However, existing research extensively focuses on the network security of internal combustion engine vehicles and fails to address the cyber-physical security of EVs specifically. In this article, the challenges and future visions of cyber-physical security are discussed for connected EVs from the perspective of firmware security, vehicle charging safety, and powertrain control security. The vulnerabilities of EVs are investigated under a variety of cyberattacks, ranging from energy-efficiency-motivated attacks to safety-motivated attacks. Simulation results, including hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results, are provided to further analyze the cyberattack impacts on both converter (device) and vehicle (system) levels. More importantly, an architecture for the next-generation power electronics systems is proposed to address the cyber-physical security challenges of EVs. Finally, potential research opportunities are discussed in detail, including detection and migration for firmware security, model-based, and data-driven detection and mitigation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on cyber-physical security of powertrain systems in modern EVs.

中文翻译：

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现代电动汽车动力总成系统的网络物理安全：漏洞、挑战和未来愿景


由于电力电子系统在包括联网电动汽车 (EV) 在内的物联网 (IoT) 应用中的渗透率不断提高，因此越来越容易受到网络物理威胁。为了满足这一新兴需求，IEEE 电力电子协会 (PELS) 最近发起了一项网络物理安全计划。随着车联网 (V2X) 和电子控制单元数量的增加，互联电动汽车面临着更大的网络物理安全挑战。然而，现有研究广泛关注内燃机汽车的网络安全，未能专门解决电动汽车的网络物理安全。本文从固件安全、车辆充电安全和动力总成控制安全的角度讨论了互联电动汽车网络物理安全的挑战和未来愿景。电动汽车的漏洞在各种网络攻击下进行调查，从能源效率驱动的攻击到安全驱动的攻击。提供包括硬件在环 (HIL) 结果在内的仿真结果，以进一步分析网络攻击对转换器（设备）和车辆（系统）层面的影响。更重要的是，提出了下一代电力电子系统的架构，以解决电动汽车的网络物理安全挑战。最后，详细讨论了潜在的研究机会，包括固件安全性的检测和迁移、基于模型和数据驱动的检测和缓解。据我们所知，这是第一个关于现代电动汽车动力总成系统网络物理安全的全面研究。