Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are common that are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Diet, genetic factors, inflammation, and immunocytes and their cytokines play a role in their pathobiology. But the exact role of sodium, potassium, magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins in the pathogenesis of HTN and T2DM is not known. Recent studies showed that sodium and potassium can modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, alter the autonomic nervous system and induce dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune responses in addition to their action on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These actions of sodium, potassium and magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins are likely to be secondary to their action on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 and metabolism of essential fatty acids that may account for their involvement in the pathobiology of insulin resistance, T2DM, HTN and autoimmune diseases.

中文翻译：

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盐（氯化钠）在炎症和免疫反应中与高血压和 2 型糖尿病有关的分子生化方面

肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 和高血压 (HTN) 很常见，与低度全身炎症相关。饮食、遗传因素、炎症、免疫细胞及其细胞因子在其病理生物学中发挥作用。但钠、钾、镁等矿物质、微量元素和维生素在 HTN 和 T2DM 发病机制中的确切作用尚不清楚。最近的研究表明，钠和钾除了对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统有作用外，还可以调节氧化应激、炎症、改变自主神经系统并诱导先天性和适应性免疫反应功能障碍。钠、钾、镁以及其他矿物质、微量元素和维生素的这些作用可能是继发于它们对促炎细胞因子 IL-6、TNF-α 和 IL-17 以及必需脂肪酸代谢的作用，这可能是导致它们与胰岛素抵抗、T2DM、高血压和自身免疫性疾病的病理学有关。