Findings on the effect of repression on political participation are mixed and inconclusive. This article addresses this puzzle by introducing and conceptualizing ‘responses to repression’ as individuals’ varying willingness to risk-taking and continuing with political activities despite possible threats. We use three-wave panel survey data and focus on the run-up to the 2013 Iranian presidential elections, during which the gradual decline in political participation of Green Movement supporters turned into a remarkable increase in activism. The findings indicate that the decision to either refrain from or resist repression plays an important role in explaining some forms of political participation. And, in turn, this decision to either refrain or resist is influenced by social-psychological factors: Iranian Green Movement (IGM) supporters who experienced less fear, were more aggrieved and perceived lower levels of repression than other supporters, were more inclined to embrace risks. Consequently, they more frequently engaged in everyday forms of resistance – covert activities, which are difficult to be controlled and surveilled by states. It implies that social movement supporters in repressive contexts cannot only ignore the risks associated with activism and continue with the same activity but can also find or invent other forms of political activity to resist repression.

中文翻译：

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克制或抵抗：绿色运动支持者对 2013 年伊朗总统选举期间镇压的反应

关于镇压对政治参与的影响的研究结果喜忧参半，并无定论。本文通过引入和概念化“对镇压的反应”来解决这个难题，即个人尽管可能受到威胁而冒险和继续政治活动的不同意愿。我们使用三波面板调查数据并关注 2013 年伊朗总统选举的准备阶段，在此期间，绿色运动支持者的政治参与度逐渐下降，但激进主义却显着增加。研究结果表明，避免或抵制镇压的决定在解释某些形式的政治参与方面起着重要作用。反过来，这种克制或抵制的决定受到社会心理因素的影响：与其他支持者相比，伊朗绿色运动 (IGM) 支持者经历较少恐惧、更加委屈并且认为镇压程度较低，更倾向于接受风险。因此，他们更频繁地从事日常形式的抵抗——秘密活动，这些活动很难被国家控制和监视。这意味着镇压环境中的社会运动支持者不仅可以忽略与激进主义相关的风险并继续进行相同的活动，而且还可以找到或发明其他形式的政治活动来抵抗镇压。国家难以控制和监视。这意味着镇压环境中的社会运动支持者不仅可以忽略与激进主义相关的风险并继续进行相同的活动，而且还可以找到或发明其他形式的政治活动来抵抗镇压。国家难以控制和监视。这意味着镇压环境中的社会运动支持者不仅可以忽略与激进主义相关的风险并继续进行相同的活动，而且还可以找到或发明其他形式的政治活动来抵抗镇压。