Energy sufficiency is one of the three energy sustainability strategies, next to energy efficiency and renewable energies. We analyse to what extent European governments follow this strategy, by conducting a systematic document analysis of all available European National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs). We collect and categorise a total of 230 sufficiency-related policy measures, finding large differences between countries. We find most sufficiency policies in the transport sector, when classifying also modal shift policies to change the service quality of transport as sufficiency policies. Types of sufficiency policy instruments vary considerably from sector to sector, for instance the focus on financial incentives and fiscal instruments in the mobility sector, information in the building sector, and financial incentive/tax instruments in cross-sectoral application. Regulatory instruments currently play a minor role for sufficiency policy in the national energy and climate plans of EU member states. Similar to energy efficiency in recent decades, sufficiency still largely referred to as micro-level individual behaviour change or necessary exogenous trends that will need to take place. It is not treated yet as a genuine field of policy action to provide the necessary framework for enabling societal change.

能源充足是三大能源可持续性战略之一，仅次于能源效率和可再生能源。我们通过对所有可用的欧洲国家能源和气候计划 (NECP) 和长期战略 (LTS) 进行系统的文件分析，分析欧洲政府在多大程度上遵循这一战略。我们收集并分类了总共 230 项与自给自足相关的政策措施，发现国家之间存在很大差异。我们发现交通部门的自给自足政策最多，同时也将改变交通服务质量的模式转换政策归类为自给自足政策。自给自足政策工具的类型因部门而异，例如对流动部门的财政激励和财政手段的关注，建筑部门的信息，和跨部门应用的财政激励/税收工具。监管工具目前在欧盟成员国的国家能源和气候计划中对自给自足政策的作用很小。与近几十年来的能源效率类似，自给自足仍然主要被称为微观层面的个人行为变化或需要发生的必要外生趋势。它还没有被视为一个真正的政策行动领域，为实现社会变革提供必要的框架。充分性仍然主要被称为微观层面的个人行为变化或需要发生的必要外生趋势。它还没有被视为一个真正的政策行动领域，为实现社会变革提供必要的框架。充分性仍然主要被称为微观层面的个人行为变化或需要发生的必要外生趋势。它还没有被视为一个真正的政策行动领域，为实现社会变革提供必要的框架。