ABSTRACT

Background and objectives

The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement holds that bereaved people who respond flexibly to loss-oriented stressors (i.e., relating to the loss; to the deceased person) and restoration-oriented stressors (i.e., secondary to loss; daily-life changes, taking on new roles) adapt better to bereavement. Despite growing interest in the Dual Process Model, systematic analyses of the prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of restoration-oriented stressors are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to chart restoration-oriented stressors and their relationship with post-loss adaptation.

Design and methods

A community sample of 181 bereaved adults (63% women) completed the 20-item expert-construed Restoration-Oriented Stressors Inventory (ROSI) and questionnaires assessing background characteristics, worry, and prolonged grief and depression symptoms.

Results

Main findings were that younger people, and those who lost a parent, partner, or child (vs. other relationship) experienced more restoration-oriented stressors and appraised these as more stressful. Stressors’ perceived stressfulness, but not their quantity, related positively to worry. Perceived stressfulness predicted prolonged grief and depression symptoms beyond background characteristics, worry, and the number of stressors.

Conclusion

Restoration-oriented stressors and their appraisal vary and relate to coping and post-loss mental health. Future research should clarify temporal interrelations between stressors, coping mechanisms, and outcomes.

中文翻译：

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以恢复为导向的丧亲压力源

摘要

背景和目标

应对丧亲的双重过程模型认为，失去亲人的人对以损失为导向的压力源（即与损失有关；与死者有关）和以恢复为导向的压力源（即继损失；日常生活变化，承担新角色）更好地适应丧亲之痛。尽管人们对双过程模型越来越感兴趣，但仍缺乏对恢复导向压力源的普遍性、特征和相关性的系统分析。因此，我们旨在绘制面向恢复的压力源及其与损失后适应的关系。

设计和方法

181 名失去亲人的成年人（63% 为女性）的社区样本完成了 20 项专家解释的面向恢复的压力源清单 (ROSI) 和评估背景特征、担忧以及长期悲伤和抑郁症状的问卷。

结果

主要研究结果是，年轻人和那些失去父母、伴侣或孩子（相对于其他关系）的人经历了更多以恢复为导向的压力源，并认为这些压力更大。压力源感知到的压力，但不是他们的数量，与担忧呈正相关。感知压力预测超出背景特征、担忧和压力源数量的长期悲伤和抑郁症状。

结论

以恢复为导向的压力源及其评估各不相同，并与应对和失去后的心理健康有关。未来的研究应该阐明压力源、应对机制和结果之间的时间相互关系。