Recent evidence suggests predators may change colonization rates of prey in nearby predator-free patches as an example of context-dependent habitat selection. Such remote predator effects can be positive when colonizers are redirected to nearby patches (habitat compression), or negative when nearby patches are avoided (risk contagion). However, it is unknown to what extent such responses are predator- and prey-specific and change with increasing distance from predator patches. We evaluated how cues of fish, backswimmers and dragonfly larvae affect habitat selection in replicated pond landscapes with predator-free patches located at increasing distances from a predator patch. We found evidence for risk contagion and compression, but spatial colonization patterns were both predator- and prey-specific. The mosquito Culex pipiens and water beetle Hydraena testacea avoided patches next to patches with dragonfly larvae (i.e. risk contagion). Predator-free patches next to patches with backswimmers were avoided only by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes preferentially colonized patches at some distance from a fish or backswimmer patch (i.e. habitat compression). Colonization patterns of beetles also suggested habitat compression, although reward contagion could not be fully excluded as an alternative explanation. Water beetles preferred the most isolated patches regardless of whether predators were present in the landscape, showing that patch position in a landscape alone affects colonization. We conclude that habitat selection can be a complex product of patch isolation and the combined effects of different local and remote cues complicate current attempts to predict the distribution of mobile organisms in landscapes.

最近的证据表明，作为依赖环境的栖息地选择的一个例子，捕食者可能会改变附近无捕食者斑块中猎物的定植率。当殖民者被重定向到附近的斑块（栖息地压缩）时，这种远程捕食者的影响可能是积极的，或者在避免附近的斑块时（风险传染）是负面的。然而，尚不清楚这种反应在多大程度上是捕食者和猎物特异性的，并且随着与捕食者斑块距离的增加而变化。我们评估了鱼类、背游者和蜻蜓幼虫的线索如何影响复制的池塘景观中的栖息地选择，其中无捕食者斑块与捕食者斑块的距离越来越远。我们发现了风险传染和压缩的证据，但空间殖民模式既是捕食者又是猎物特有的。蚊子库蚊和水甲虫Hydraena testacea避免与蜻蜓幼虫贴片相邻的贴片（即风险传染）。只有蚊子才能避开背泳者补丁旁边的无捕食者补丁。蚊子优先在距鱼类或背泳者斑块（即栖息地压缩）一定距离的斑块上定居。甲虫的殖民模式也表明栖息地受到压缩，尽管不能完全排除奖励传染作为替代解释。无论掠食者是否存在于景观中，水甲虫都喜欢最孤立的斑块，这表明仅在景观中的斑块位置会影响殖民化。我们得出结论，栖息地选择可能是斑块隔离的复杂产物，不同本地和远程线索的综合影响使当前预测景观中移动生物分布的尝试复杂化。