An inclusive chemical definition of “reactive” dyeing of textiles is introduced, encompassing the CI Azoic, CI Mordant, CI Reactive, CI Sulphur and CI Vat dye application classes. Such reactive dyeing increases fibre retention of dye and makes application practically possible. The analogous application of dyes and fluorescent probes as microscopic stains in biology and medicine is outlined, focussing on using reactive fluorescent probes with living cells. Parallels with textile dyeing are noted, eg, enhanced probe retention and facilitation of probe application. However, the primary purpose of using reactive probes with live cells is detection of properties of biological systems: to identify biological structures and chemical/biochemical contents; assess biological functions and physicochemical properties; and determine changes in locations of cells and cell components. Problems occurring with such probes are outlined, particularly the problematic character of many standard protocols, and localisation artefacts arising with reactive probes whose reactant and product species are physiochemically significantly different. This latter problem is explored via a case study of possible reactant/product artefacts with probes for reactive oxygen species. Comparison of experimental observations of probe localisations with the localisations predicted using quantitative structure activity (QSAR) modelling indicates that such artefacts can occur with a significant proportion of chemically diverse, widely used, commercially available probes, as well as with experimental compounds reported in the literature. A graphical flowchart is provided to assess possible occurrence of reactant/product artefacts arising with reactive fluorescent probes localising in various organelles of living cells.

中文翻译：

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活细胞活性染料：应用、人工制品以及与纺织染色的一些比较

介绍了纺织品“活性”染色的包容性化学定义，包括 CI Azoic、CI Mordant、CI Reactive、CI Sulfur 和 CI Vat 染料应用类别。这种活性染色提高了染料的纤维保留率，使实际应用成为可能。概述了染料和荧光探针在生物学和医学中作为显微染色剂的类似应用，重点是在活细胞中使用反应性荧光探针。注意到与纺织品染色的相似之处，例如增强的探针保留和促进探针应用。然而，对活细胞使用反应性探针的主要目的是检测生物系统的特性：识别生物结构和化学/生化内容；评估生物学功能和理化性质；并确定细胞和细胞成分位置的变化。概述了此类探针出现的问题，特别是许多标准协议的问题特征，以及由其反应物和产物种类在物理化学上显着不同的反应性探针产生的定位伪影。后一个问题是通过对可能的反应物/产物人工制品与活性氧物种的探针的案例研究来探索的。探针定位的实验观察结果与使用定量结构活性 (QSAR) 模型预测的定位的比较表明，此类伪影可能发生在相当大比例的化学多样性、广泛使用、可商购的探针以及文献中报道的实验化合物中.