Formamidine disulfide oxidant as a localised electron scavenger for >20% perovskite solar cell modules,Energy & Environmental Science

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Formamidine disulfide oxidant as a localised electron scavenger for >20% perovskite solar cell modules
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-30 , DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01440d
Jun Zhu _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Seulyoung Park _{3,

4,

5,

6} , Oh Yeong Gong _{3,

4,

5,

6} , ChangHwun Sohn _{3,

4,

5,

6} , Zijia Li _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Zhenru Zhang _{1,

2,

3,

4,

7} , Bonghyun Jo _{3,

4,

5,

6} , Wooyul Kim _{4,

7,

8,

9} , Gill Sang Han _{3,

4,

5,

6} , Dong Hoe Kim _{4,

10,

11,

12} , Tae Kyu Ahn _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Jaichan Lee _{3,

4,

5,

6} , Hyun Suk Jung _{3,

4,

5,

6}

Affiliation

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃)-based perovskites possess high light absorption and long diffusion lengths, making them strong candidates for highly efficient solar cells. However, despite these properties, primary intrinsic defects in FAPbI₃ (i.e. iodine vacancy) induce strong electron localisation and become deep traps and recombination centres upon photoexcitation. Consequently, the carrier lifetime is significantly reduced and the superior properties are not fully utilised. Therefore, the manipulation of intrinsic defects has become a critical issue for realising highly efficient solar cells. Herein, formamidine disulfide dihydrochloride (FASCl) is used because the FAS²⁺ ion is a strong oxidant or electron scavenger. Substitution of the FAS²⁺ ion for the FA⁺ ion makes the iodine vacancy lose the strongly localised electrons and removes the deep traps. The incorporation of FASCl induces the formation of intermediate phases with a perovskite precursor, which can effectively stabilise the black α-phase FAPbI₃ and retard the crystallisation rate, leading to compact full-coverage perovskite layers with high crystallinity and a large grain size. As a result, the optimal unit device (0.14 cm²) exhibits a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.11%, a stabilised power output (SPO) of 22.83%, a low voltage deficit of 0.343 V, and a notable fill factor of 83.4%. Without encapsulation, the device retains ∼92.5% and ∼91.7% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h of either heating at 85 °C (thermal) or 50% relative humidity atmospheric testing, respectively. Moreover, the perovskite solar modules (PSMs) achieve PCE values of 20.75% (with a notable fill factor of 78.5%) and 17.44% for the active areas of 23.27 and 59.33 cm², respectively.

中文翻译：

甲脒二硫化物氧化剂作为 >20% 钙钛矿太阳能电池模块的局部电子清除剂

基于甲脒碘化铅 (FAPbI ₃ ) 的钙钛矿具有高光吸收和长扩散长度，使其成为高效太阳能电池的有力候选者。然而，尽管具有这些特性，FAPbI _{3 中的}主要固有缺陷（即碘空位）会诱导强电子定位并在光激发时成为深陷阱和复合中心。因此，载流子寿命显着减少，并且没有充分利用优越的性能。因此，内在缺陷的处理已成为实现高效太阳能电池的关键问题。这里，使用甲脒二硫化物二盐酸盐 (FASCl)，因为 FAS ²⁺离子是强氧化剂或电子清除剂。FAS ²⁺离子替代FA ⁺离子使碘空位失去强定域电子并去除深陷阱。FASCl 的掺入诱导中间相与钙钛矿前驱体的形成，这可以有效地稳定黑色 α 相 FAPbI ₃并延缓结晶速率，从而形成具有高结晶度和大晶粒尺寸的致密全覆盖钙钛矿层。因此，最佳单元装置 (0.14 cm ²) 具有 23.11% 的显着功率转换效率 (PCE)、22.83% 的稳定功率输出 (SPO)、0.343 V 的低电压赤字和 83.4% 的显着填充因子。在没有封装的情况下，该器件分别在 85°C（热）或 50% 相对湿度大气测试下加热 1000 小时后，仍保持其初始效率的约 92.5% 和约 91.7%。此外，钙钛矿太阳能模块 (PSM) 的 PCE 值分别为 20.75%（显着的填充因子为 78.5%）和 23.27 和 59.33 cm ²的活性区域的 17.44% 。

更新日期：2021-07-30

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