ABSTRACT

For identification and adoption of improved and environmental friendly agricultural practices with minimum emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), observations were recorded for 3 years (2015–17) in a 22-year-old soybean-wheat based long-term fertilizer experiment that was started in 1995–96. The study involved seven treatments: control (CK), organic manure (M), inorganic fertilizers (NPK), integrated (MNPK), only nitrogen (N), mineral fertilizers in both season (NPK+NPK) and nitrogen with organic manure (MN). MNPK significantly enhanced the system productivity (9.72 Mg ha⁻¹) with higher net return (3128 US$ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (1.64). Due to better energy output to inputs relation, total energy productivity and energy use efficiency were reported higher in MNPK (0.38 kg MJ⁻¹ and 4.76, respectively) followed by MN (0.34 kg MJ⁻¹ and 4.26, respectively) and M (0.32 kg MJ⁻¹ and 4.16, respectively). In contrast to C efficiency, C sustainability index and yield scaled carbon footprint (CFy), the spatial CO₂-e emission (CFs) was found highest under MNPK (~5035 kg CO₂-e ha⁻¹) followed by MN and NPK+NPK and lowest was recorded under control. In sum, long-term organic and inorganic fertilization simultaneously in soybean-wheat system may be a preferred strategy for improving soil productivity, profitability, energy use and environmental sustainability of Indian-mid-Himalayas.

摘要

为了识别和采用温室气体 (GHG) 排放量最小的改进型和环境友好型农业实践，在一项为期 22 年的基于大豆小麦的长期肥料试验中记录了 3 年（2015-17 年）的观察结果，该试验是开始于 1995-96 年。该研究涉及七种处理：对照（​​CK），有机肥（M），无机肥（NPK），综合（MNPK），仅氮（N），两个季节的矿物肥料（NPK + NPK）和氮与有机肥（ MN）。MNPK 显着提高了系统生产力（9.72 Mg ha ^-1），具有更高的净回报（3128 US$ha ^-1）和效益成本比（1.64）。由于更好的能源输出与输入关系，MNPK 报告的总能源生产力和能源使用效率更高（0.38 kg MJ^-1和 4.76，然后是 MN（分别为 0.34 kg MJ ^-1和 4.26）和 M（分别为 0.32 kg MJ ^-1和 4.16）。与 C 效率、C 可持续性指数和产量规模碳足迹 (CFy) 相比，在 MNPK (~5035 kg CO ₂ -e ha ^{-1 ) 下发现空间 CO} ₂ -e 排放 (CFs) 最高，其次是 MN 和 NPK +NPK 和最低记录在控制之下。总之，在大豆-小麦系统中同时进行长期有机和无机施肥可能是提高印度喜马拉雅中部地区土壤生产力、盈利能力、能源使用和环境可持续性的首选策略。