Regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) decay plays a crucial role in the control of gene expression. Canonical mRNA decay pathways are initiated by deadenylation and decapping, and are followed by exonucleolytic degradation. However, recent studies revealed that endoribonucleolytic cleavage also mediates mRNA decay, and both exoribonucleolytic and endoribonucleolytic decay pathways are important for the regulation of immune responses. Regnase-1 functions as an endoribonuclease to control immunity by damping mRNAs. Particularly, Regnase-1 controls cytokines and other inflammatory mediators by recognizing their mRNAs via stem–loop structures present in the 3′ untranslated regions. Regnase-1 was found to be critical for human inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, a set of Regnase-1-related RNases contribute to immune regulation as well as antiviral host defense. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings as to immune-related RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with an emphasis on stem–loop-mediated mRNA decay via Regnase-1 and related RNases and discuss how the function of these RBPs is regulated and contributes to inflammatory disorders.

中文翻译：

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Regnase-1相关RNase对免疫反应的转录后调控

信使 RNA (mRNA) 衰变的调节在基因表达的控制中起着至关重要的作用。典型的 mRNA 衰变途径由去腺苷酸化和脱帽启动，然后是核酸外切降解。然而，最近的研究表明，内切核糖核酸切割也介导 mRNA 衰变，外核糖核酸酶和核糖核酸内切酶衰变途径对免疫反应的调节都很重要。Regnase-1 作为一种核糖核酸内切酶，通过抑制 mRNA 来控制免疫。特别是，Regnase-1 通过 3' 非翻译区域中存在的茎环结构识别它们的 mRNA，从而控制细胞因子和其他炎症介质。Regnase-1 被发现对人类炎症性疾病如溃疡性结肠炎和特发性肺纤维化至关重要。此外，一组与 Regnase-1 相关的 RNase 有助于免疫调节和抗病毒宿主防御。在这篇综述中，我们概述了关于免疫相关 RNA 结合蛋白 (RBP) 的最新发现，重点是通过 Regnase-1 和相关 RNase 介导的茎环介导的 mRNA 衰变，并讨论了这些 RBP 的功能是如何发挥作用的。调节并导致炎症性疾病。