The present review investigates factors that predict three processes that lead to persistence versus change of expectations after confrontation with expectation violations, based on the violated expectation (ViolEx) model and related models. We address four groups of predictors: (a) characteristics of the expectation, (b) characteristics of the expectation-violating event(s), (c) broader situational characteristics, and (d) personality characteristics. The bulk of studies conducted in this area looked at expectation change in the direction of the experienced violation (accommodation) as their central dependent variable. The strongest empirical support was found for accommodation being less likely and minimizing of the potential impact of the discrepant information (immunization) being more likely to occur (a) after the reality turns out to be worse rather than better than expected, (b) if disconfirming events are more ambiguous, and (c) if depressed rather than healthy people are confronted with better-than-expected events. Given the high heterogeneity between studies on assessed predictors, we recommend a more comprehensive and unifying approach that tests the relative impact and the interplay of the whole range of predictors across paradigms.

本次审查考察的因素预测三个过程，导致持久性与符合预期违反对抗后的预期变化的基础上，提琴ated前pectation (ViolEx) 模型和相关模型。我们讨论了四组预测因子：（a）期望的特征，（b）违反期望的事件的特征，（c）更广泛的情境特征，以及（d）个性特征。在该领域进行的大部分研究都将在所经历的违规（调整）方向上的期望变化作为他们的中心因变量。发现最强有力的实证支持是适应不太可能发生，并且更有可能将差异信息（免疫）的潜在影响最小化（a）在现实结果比预期更糟而不是更好之后，（b）如果否定事件更加模棱两可，并且 (c) 如果抑郁而不是健康人面临比预期更好的事件。