Ceratonia siliqua L. pods have been classically used in Mediterranean folk medicine as a potential source of natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents. The in vitro antiradical, immunostimulant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, as well as phytochemical composition of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from carob pods harvested at three ripening stages were assessed. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose, as quantified in both extracts, showed varied yields according to the ripening stage and solvent type. Likewise, significant differences were shown in bioactive compounds content depending on extraction solvent and ripening stage. Moreover, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) leucocyte viability and functions were not altered after being incubated for 24 h with the extracts of carob pods. On the other hand, the ethanolic extracts (0.75 and 1 mg mL⁻¹), exhibited an interesting cytotoxic effect on a tumoricidal fish cell line (PLHC-1 cell). Besides, the ethanolic extract (1 mg mL⁻¹) displayed a moderate bactericidal activity against different examined bacteria. Photobacterium damselae was found to be the most sensitive to different carob pod extracts, except for the aqueous extract obtained from ripened pods. While Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum exhibited a strong resistance against the aqueous extracts. Our data indicate that the carob pods are an excellent source of natural bioactive molecules that would be used to prevent and treat several marine animal diseases.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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不同成熟阶段角豆荚 (Ceratonia siliqua L.) 提取物的植物化学成分和生物学特性

Ceratonia siliqua L. pods 已被经典地用于地中海民间医学，作为天然抗菌剂和抗氧化剂的潜在来源。评估了从三个成熟阶段收获的角豆荚获得的乙醇和水提取物的体外抗自由基、免疫刺激、抗菌和细胞毒性特性，以及植物化学成分。在两种提取物中定量的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖根据成熟阶段和溶剂类型显示出不同的产量。同样，根据提取溶剂和成熟阶段的不同，生物活性化合物的含量也存在显着差异。此外，金头鲷（Sparus aurataL.) 白细胞活力和功能在与角豆荚提取物孵育 24 小时后没有改变。另一方面，乙醇提取物（0.75 和 1 mg mL ^-1）对杀瘤鱼细胞系（PLHC-1 细胞）表现出有趣的细胞毒性作用。此外，乙醇提取物（1 mg mL ^-1）对不同的检查细菌显示出中等的杀菌活性。发现除了从成熟豆荚中获得的水提取物外，少女光杆菌对不同的角豆荚提取物最敏感。虽然哈维伊弧菌和鳗鲡弧菌对水提取物表现出很强的抵抗力。我们的数据表明角豆荚是天然生物活性分子的极好来源，可用于预防和治疗多种海洋动物疾病。

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