The Yellow Sea (YS) experiences heavy advection fog during boreal summer, which seriously affects marine transport and harbor activities. Using a set of long-term observations, the present study reveals the interannual variability in the YS fog during its core season (May-June-July, MJJ). The spaceborne lidar supports that a station-based index represents the fog over the northern YS in a seasonal mean sense. The composite soundings according to the YS fog index show that the temperature difference is evident within the boundary layer and becomes indistinguishable in the free atmosphere. This implies that the driver of the MJJ YS fog originates from the bottom boundary of the fog layer. Regression analyses of sea surface temperature (SST) and air-sea fluxes show that the local SST strongly modulates the northern YS fog at interannual scale. The fog during foggier years features a significant decrease in specific humidity, suggesting that the colder sea surface facilitates fog occurrence through strong turbulent cooling. This study identifies the local SST as a key driver of the interannual variation in the northern YS fog during the core season and provides predictive values by linking the YS fog to the preceding SST.

中文翻译：

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北黄海夏季海雾的年际变化及其与当地海面温度的关系

黄海（YS）在北半球夏季出现强平流雾，严重影响海洋运输和港口活动。本研究使用一组长期观测，揭示了 YS 雾在其核心季节（5-6-7 月，MJJ）的年际变化。星载激光雷达支持基于站点的指数在季节性平均意义上代表 YS 北部的雾。根据 YS 雾指数的复合探测表明，边界层内的温差很明显，而在自由大气中则无法区分。这意味着 MJJ YS 雾的驱动因素来自雾层的底部边界。海面温度 (SST) 和海气通量的回归分析表明，局地 SST 在年际尺度上强烈调节了 YS 北部的雾。多雾年份的雾以比湿度显着降低为特征，表明较冷的海面通过强烈的湍流冷却促进了雾的发生。本研究将当地 SST 确定为核心季节期间 YS 北部雾年际变化的关键驱动因素，并通过将 YS 雾与之前的 SST 联系起来提供预测值。