Energy and transport must lead the transition to a low-carbon economy, weaning their dependence on fossil fuels via massive renewable generation and electrification of transport. A major challenge is the power system imbalance between generation and demand due to the higher fraction of non-dispatchable renewable generation such as solar photovoltaic or wind. Electric mobility will lean heavily on the power system but may contribute to mitigate the imbalance problem. This work focuses precisely on the impact of different models for future road mobility in a decarbonized power system, ranking the merits of each solution. The models considered are plug-in, plug-in and catenaries, plug-in and hydrogen, and battery swapping. We show that battery swapping, the least studied model so far, is superior to the other three in all semi-quantitative criteria of merit. We conclude our analysis with implications for energy policy and examples of public policies that could boost the adoption of this model, which has huge implications both for the mobility industry and for power systems.

能源和交通必须引领向低碳经济的转型，通过大规模可再生能源发电和交通电气化来摆脱对化石燃料的依赖。一个主要挑战是由于不可调度的可再生能源发电（如太阳能光伏或风能）所占比例较高，因此发电和需求之间的电力系统不平衡。电动汽车将严重依赖电力系统，但可能有助于缓解不平衡问题。这项工作准确地关注了脱碳电力系统中不同模型对未来道路交通的影响，并对每种解决方案的优点进行了排序。考虑的模型是插入式、插入式和悬链线、插入式和氢气以及电池交换。我们展示了电池交换，迄今为止研究最少的模型，在所有半定量的评价标准上都优于其他三个。我们总结了对能源政策的影响以及可以促进采用该模型的公共政策示例，这对移动行业和电力系统都具有巨大的影响。