Purpose of Review

Outbreaks of tree-killing bark beetles have reached unprecedented levels in conifer forests in the northern hemisphere and are expected to further intensify due to climate change. In parts of Europe, bark beetle outbreaks and efforts to manage them have even triggered social unrests and political instability. These events have increasingly challenged traditional responses to outbreaks, and highlight the need for a more comprehensive management framework.

Recent Findings

Several synthesis papers on different aspects of bark beetle ecology and management exist. However, our understanding of outbreak drivers and impacts, principles of ecosystem management, governance, and the role of climate change in the dynamics of ecological and social systems has rapidly advanced in recent years. These advances are suggesting a reconsideration of previous management strategies.

Summary

We synthesize the state of knowledge on drivers and impacts of bark beetle outbreaks in Europe and propose a comprehensive context-dependent framework for their management. We illustrate our ideas for two contrasting societal objectives that represent the end-members of a continuum of forest management goals: wood and biomass production and the conservation of biodiversity and natural processes. For production forests, we propose a management approach addressing economic, social, ecological, infrastructural, and legislative aspects of bark beetle disturbances. In conservation forests, where non-intervention is the default option, we elaborate under which circumstances an active intervention is necessary, and whether such an intervention is in conflict with the objective to conserve biodiversity. Our approach revises the current management response to bark beetles in Europe and promotes an interdisciplinary social-ecological approach to dealing with disturbances.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲树皮甲虫爆发：知识现状和管理方法

审查目的

在北半球的针叶林中，树皮甲虫的爆发达到了前所未有的水平，并且由于气候变化，预计还会进一步加剧。在欧洲部分地区，树皮甲虫的爆发和对其进行管理的努力甚至引发了社会动荡和政治不稳定。这些事件越来越多地挑战了传统的疫情应对措施，并突出了对更全面的管理框架的需求。

最近的发现

有几篇关于树皮甲虫生态和管理不同方面的综合论文。然而，近年来，我们对爆发驱动因素和影响、生态系统管理原则、治理以及气候变化在生态和社会系统动态中的作用的理解迅速发展。这些进展表明需要重新考虑以前的管理策略。

概括

我们综合了关于欧洲树皮甲虫爆发的驱动因素和影响的知识状态，并为其管理提出了一个综合的上下文相关框架。我们阐述了我们对代表森林管理目标连续体的最终成员的两个截然不同的社会目标的想法：木材和生物量生产以及生物多样性和自然过程的保护。对于生产林，我们提出了一种解决树皮甲虫干扰的经济、社会、生态、基础设施和立法方面的管理方法。在保护性森林中，不干预是默认选项，我们详细说明了在哪些情况下需要积极干预，以及这种干预是否与保护生物多样性的目标相冲突。