In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), five outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes in 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2019 caused severe damages in the downstream part. Short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range grow rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice tunnel in an ice-cored moraine complex at the glacier front. In addition to these factors, summer meltwater from the glacier can cause rapid growth. Outburst floods of this lake type are a major hazard in this region and differ from the moraine-dam failures common to the eastern Himalaya. To clarify how short-lived glacial lakes store and drain water over short periods, we use results from a field survey and satellite data to analyze the water level, area, volume, and discharge of Korumdu lake (2017–2019) as well as satellite data to monitor the appearance of 160 other short-lived lakes (2013–2018). Except in 2016, Korumdu lake appeared and drained within about 1 month during all the summers. Water level data recorded by a data logger and time-lapse camera images show that the lake appeared and expanded suddenly from July to August in 2017–2019. The timing of lake appearance indicates that the lake formed when an outlet ice tunnel (subsurface channel) drainage was blocked by depositions of an ice–debris mixture due to ice melting and not by freezing of stored water. For 2017, we used uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived digital surface models (DSMs) and water levels, finding that the lake's volume reached 234 000 m³ within 29 d, and then the water discharged for 17 d at a maximum rate of 0.66 m³/s. This discharge rate is more than 20 times smaller than those found earlier (2006–2014) for four short-lived lakes of tunnel type in this region. We argue that this large variation in discharge rates is due to variation in the dimensions of the outlet ice tunnels. For the 160 other short-lived glacial lakes, we found that 117 formed during the ice-melt period from July to September. This timing and our findings for Korumdu lake show that these 117 lakes likely formed primarily because deposition of an ice–debris mixture blocked the outlet tunnel, though increased glacial melt would also have contributed. In the Teskey Range, the appearance of short-lived glacial lakes on the moraine complexes at glacier fronts is inevitable in summer when the melting rate is high. Similar behavior of short-lived lakes may occur in other mountain regions of Central Asia, such as the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains, wherever ice-cored moraine complexes exist within mountain permafrost zone. Moreover, increasing temperatures may increase both tunnel size and lake-basin size (lake volume), leading to increased hazard potential from such lakes in the future.

中文翻译：

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中亚特斯基山脉北部永久冻土环境中短寿命冰川湖的形成、演化和排水

在天山特斯基山脉（吉尔吉斯共和国），2006、2008、2013、2014和2019年5次短寿命冰川湖溃决洪水灾害对下游造成严重破坏。由于冰川前部冰芯冰碛复合体中出口冰隧道的关闭和打开，特斯基山脉的短寿命冰川湖在几个月内迅速增长并流失。除了这些因素，夏季冰川融水也会导致快速增长。这种湖泊类型的溃决洪水是该地区的主要灾害，与喜马拉雅东部常见的冰碛坝溃决不同。为了阐明短期冰川湖如何在短时间内储存和排水，我们使用实地调查和卫星数据的结果来分析水位、面积、体积、和 Korumdu 湖的排放（2017-2019）以及卫星数据，以监测其他 160 个短寿命湖泊（2013-2018）的外观。除 2016 年外，整个夏季，科鲁姆杜湖均在约 1 个月内出现并排干。数据记录器记录的水位数据和延时相机图像显示，该湖在 2017-2019 年的 7 月至 8 月期间突然出现并扩大。湖泊出现的时间表明，当出口冰隧道（地下通道）排水系统因冰融化而不是储存的水冻结而被冰-碎屑混合物的沉积阻塞时，就形成了湖泊。2017 年，我们使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 衍生的数字表面模型 (DSM) 和水位，发现湖泊的体积达到 234 000 m 除 2016 年外，整个夏季，科鲁姆杜湖均在约 1 个月内出现并排干。数据记录器记录的水位数据和延时相机图像显示，该湖在 2017-2019 年的 7 月至 8 月期间突然出现并扩大。湖泊出现的时间表明，当出口冰隧道（地下通道）排水系统因冰融化而不是储存的水冻结而被冰-碎屑混合物的沉积阻塞时，就形成了湖泊。2017 年，我们使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 衍生的数字表面模型 (DSM) 和水位，发现湖泊的体积达到 234 000 m 除 2016 年外，整个夏季，科鲁姆杜湖均在约 1 个月内出现并排干。数据记录器记录的水位数据和延时相机图像显示，该湖在 2017-2019 年的 7 月至 8 月期间突然出现并扩大。湖泊出现的时间表明，当出口冰隧道（地下通道）排水系统因冰融化而不是储存的水冻结而被冰-碎屑混合物的沉积阻塞时，就形成了湖泊。2017 年，我们使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 衍生的数字表面模型 (DSM) 和水位，发现湖泊的体积达到 234 000 m 数据记录器记录的水位数据和延时相机图像显示，该湖在 2017-2019 年的 7 月至 8 月期间突然出现并扩大。湖泊出现的时间表明，当出口冰隧道（地下通道）排水系统因冰融化而不是储存的水冻结而被冰-碎屑混合物的沉积阻塞时，就形成了湖泊。2017 年，我们使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 衍生的数字表面模型 (DSM) 和水位，发现湖泊的体积达到 234 000 m 数据记录器记录的水位数据和延时相机图像显示，该湖在 2017-2019 年的 7 月至 8 月期间突然出现并扩大。湖泊出现的时间表明，当出口冰隧道（地下通道）排水系统因冰融化而不是储存的水冻结而被冰-碎屑混合物的沉积阻塞时，就形成了湖泊。2017 年，我们使用无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 衍生的数字表面模型 (DSM) 和水位，发现湖泊的体积达到 234 000 m29 d 内^{3 次}，然后以 0.66 m ³的最大流量排放 17 d/秒。对于该地区四个短寿命的隧道型湖泊，这种流量比之前（2006-2014 年）发现的流量小 20 多倍。我们认为排放率的这种巨大变化是由于出口冰隧道尺寸的变化。对于其他 160 个短寿命冰川湖，我们发现 117 个形成于 7 月至 9 月的融冰期。这个时间和我们对 Korumdu 湖的发现表明，这 117 个湖泊的形成可能主要是因为冰-碎屑混合物的沉积堵塞了出口隧道，尽管冰川融化的增加也会有所贡献。在 Teskey 山脉，夏季冰川前缘冰碛复合体上出现短寿命冰川湖是不可避免的。类似的短期湖泊行为可能发生在中亚其他山区，例如天山和帕米尔山脉，在山区永久冻土带内存在冰芯冰碛复合体的地方。此外，温度升高可能会增加隧道大小和湖盆大小（湖泊体积），导致未来此类湖泊的潜在危害增加。