The range of technologies currently used in biodiversity conservation is staggering, with innovative uses often adopted from other disciplines and being trialed in the field. We provide the first comprehensive overview of the current (2020) landscape of conservation technology, encompassing technologies for monitoring wildlife and habitats, as well as for on-the-ground conservation management (e.g., fighting illegal activities). We cover both established technologies (routinely deployed in conservation, backed by substantial field experience and scientific literature) and novel technologies or technology applications (typically at trial stage, only recently used in conservation), providing examples of conservation applications for both types. We describe technologies that deploy sensors that are fixed or portable, attached to vehicles (terrestrial, aquatic, or airborne) or to animals (biologging), complemented with a section on wildlife tracking. The last two sections cover actuators and computing (including web platforms, algorithms, and artificial intelligence).

中文翻译：

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物种和栖息地监测与保护技术的全面概述

目前用于生物多样性保护的技术范围令人震惊，其创新用途经常从其他学科中采用并在实地进行试验。我们首次全面概述了当前（2020 年）保护技术的概况，包括监测野生动物和栖息地的技术，以及实地保护管理（例如打击非法活动）的技术。我们涵盖既定技术（在保护中常规部署，以大量现场经验和科学文献为支持）和新技术或技术应用（通常处于试验阶段，最近才在保护中使用），并提供这两种类型的保护应用示例。我们描述了部署固定或便携式传感器、连接到车辆（陆地、水生或空中）或动物（生物记录）的技术，并辅以野生动物跟踪部分。最后两节介绍执行器和计算（包括网络平台、算法和人工智能）。