The use of pesticides for plague control in agroecosystems generates a threat to wildlife and a major problem for human health. Pesticide compounds are also an important source of water and atmosphere contamination. Although insecticides are effective on their target organisms, they often affect organisms that are not their target. The aim of the present study was to research the effects of 3 types of neurotoxic insecticides—a pyrethroid (cypermethrin), a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), and an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos)—on behavioral and physiological parameters of Pardosa saltans spider (Lycosidae). Our study analyzed for the first time the exploratory behavior of the spider mothers in the presence of these 3 insecticides on their egg-sacs and also on the ground. We also evaluated the oxidative stress effects on the juveniles hatched in the egg-sac protected by silk in relation to variations in detoxification enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation (reactive oxygen species [ROS]). The results show that these insecticides are repellents for mothers (cypermethrin is the most repellent), and maternal behavior is modified after detection of an insecticide on their egg-sac but mothers do not abandon their egg-sacs. These neurotoxic insecticides affect the juveniles inside their egg-sac. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos caused more oxidative stress in juveniles than did imidacloprid. The ROS generated by these insecticides seemed to be adequately eliminated by the juveniles' antioxidant systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2861–2873. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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狼蛛妈妈能检测到环境中的杀虫剂吗？卵囊的丝能保护青少年免受杀虫剂的侵害吗？

在农业生态系统中使用杀虫剂控制鼠疫会对野生动物造成威胁，并成为人类健康的主要问题。农药化合物也是水和大气污染的重要来源。尽管杀虫剂对其目标生物有效，但它们通常会影响不是其目标的生物。本研究的目的是研究 3 种神经毒性杀虫剂——一种拟除虫菊酯（氯氰菊酯）、一种新烟碱类（吡虫啉）和一种有机磷（毒死蜱）——对Pardosa saltans行为和生理参数的影响。蜘蛛（Lycosidae）。我们的研究首次分析了蜘蛛母亲在卵囊和地面上存在这 3 种杀虫剂的情况下的探索行为。我们还评估了与解毒酶（过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）和脂质过氧化（反应性氧[ROS]）。结果表明，这些杀虫剂对母亲来说是驱虫剂（氯氰菊酯是最驱虫剂），在卵囊上检测到杀虫剂后，母亲的行为会发生改变，但母亲不会放弃卵囊。这些神经毒性杀虫剂会影响卵囊内的幼虫。氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱对青少年造成的氧化应激比吡虫啉多。这些杀虫剂产生的活性氧似乎被幼虫的抗氧化系统充分消除。环境毒物化学2021；40:2861–2873。© 2021 SETAC