The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognises both Indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination and simultaneously offers protections in regard to states’ right to sovereignty and territorial integrity vis-à-vis Indigenous peoples’ claims. Often, this is considered an internal inconsistency of the UNDRIP, and another common critique is that Indigenous peoples were only recognised as having a diminished right to self-determination, which is less than what everyone else enjoys. This article stands in contrast to these two lines of critique, arguing that the UNDRIP’s articulation of self-determination is potentially ushering in a broadening, and possible reshaping, of self-determination, which has been increasingly decoupled from singular Westphalian notions of ‘sovereignty’ and ‘territoriality’ in ways that require ongoing negotiation between peoples and states. This case study of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s issuance and use of their passports, based on original fieldwork including a set of qualitative interviews with key informants, demonstrates how the Haudenosaunee Confederacy is pushing the practice and understanding of self-determination in multiple, new directions to include plural sovereignties in deeply significant ways concerning International Relations in both theory and in practice.

《联合国土著人民权利宣言》(UNDRIP) 承认土著人民的自决权，同时就国家主权和领土完整权与土著人民的要求提供保护。通常，这被认为是 UNDRIP 的内部不一致，而另一个普遍的批评是，土著人民只被认为拥有减少的自决权，这比其他人享有的要少。这篇文章与这两条批评路线形成对比，认为 UNDRIP 对自决的阐述可能会导致自决的扩大和可能的重塑，它越来越与威斯特伐利亚单一的“主权”和“领土”概念脱钩，需要人民和国家之间不断进行谈判。这个关于豪登诺尼联盟颁发和使用护照的案例研究，基于原始实地调查，包括对关键知情人的一系列定性采访，展示了豪登诺尼联盟如何在多个新方向推动自决的实践和理解，以包括多元主权在理论和实践中都以非常重要的方式涉及国际关系。