Improving the groundwater governance structure can help reduce groundwater decline and improve the state of an aquifer. This study develops an approach to modify groundwater governance based on a participatory, water-food-energy (WFE) nexus. Given the need for the participation of actors in the decision-making for the WFE nexus, we identified and selected some powerful nexus actors. Using the actor’s viewpoints, factors that led to excessive withdrawal of groundwater resources in each sector were identified as governance challenges. Using the DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) approach, the actors assessed the cause-and-effect relationships of the groundwater governance challenges and proposed modification in the groundwater governance. Thirteen groundwater governance scenarios were defined. Then, the impact of scenarios on WFE sectors was evaluated by the participation of nexus actors and the nexus assessment ranking of the scenarios. The results show that, out of the 13 groundwater governance scenarios, only seven scenarios had positive effects in all three sectors (WFE). The scenario of developing and enforcing region-specific cropping patterns and value-chain management has the highest rank. This paper highlights the need for the participation of actors in decision-making and the use of WFE nexus in modifying the groundwater governance system.

改善地下水治理结构有助于减少地下水下降，改善含水层状况。本研究开发了一种基于参与性、水-食物-能源 (WFE) 关系来修改地下水治理的方法。鉴于需要参与者参与 WFE 关系的决策，我们确定并选择了一些强大的关系参与者。从行为者的角度来看，导致每个部门过度抽取地下水资源的因素被确定为治理挑战。使用 DPSIR（驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应）方法，参与者评估了地下水治理挑战的因果关系，并提议对地下水治理进行修改。定义了 13 种地下水治理情景。然后，情景对 WFE 部门的影响是通过关联参与者的参与和情景的关联评估排名来评估的。结果表明，在 13 个地下水治理情景中，只有 7 个情景对所有三个部门（WFE）产生了积极影响。制定和执行区域特定种植模式和价值链管理的方案排名最高。本文强调了参与者参与决策和使用 WFE 关系修改地下水治理系统的必要性。制定和执行区域特定种植模式和价值链管理的方案排名最高。本文强调了参与者参与决策和使用 WFE 关系修改地下水治理系统的必要性。制定和执行区域特定种植模式和价值链管理的方案排名最高。本文强调了参与者参与决策和使用 WFE 关系修改地下水治理系统的必要性。