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Collective memory for American leaders: Measuring recognition for the names and faces of the US presidents.
PLOS ONE ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-26 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255209
Adam L Putnam 1 , Sarah Madison Drake 1 , Serene Y Wang 1 , K Andrew DeSoto 2
Affiliation  

Collective memory studies show that Americans remember their presidents in a predictable pattern, which can be described as a serial position curve with an additional spike for Abraham Lincoln. However, all prior studies have tested Americans' collective memory for the presidents by their names. How well do Americans know the faces of the presidents? In two experiments, we investigated presidential facial recognition and compared facial recognition to name recognition. In Experiment 1, an online sample judged whether each of the official portraits of the US presidents and similar portraits of nonpresidents depicted a US president. The facial recognition rate (around 60%) was lower than the name recognition rate in past research (88%), but the overall pattern still fit a serial position curve. Some nonpresidents, such as Alexander Hamilton, were still falsely identified as presidents at high rates. In Experiment 2, a college sample completed a recognition task composed of both faces and names to directly compare the recognition rates. As predicted, subjects recognized the names of the presidents more frequently than the faces. Some presidents were frequently identified by their names but not by their faces (e.g. John Quincy Adams), while others were the opposite (e.g. Calvin Coolidge). Together, our studies show that Americans' memory for the faces of the presidents is somewhat worse than their memory for the names of the presidents but still follows the same pattern, indicating that collective memories contain more than just verbal information.

中文翻译:

美国领导人的集体记忆:衡量对美国总统姓名和面孔的认知度。

集体记忆研究表明,美国人以一种可预测的模式记住他们的总统,这可以被描述为一个连续的位置曲线,亚伯拉罕林肯有一个额外的尖峰。然而,之前的所有研究都通过名字测试了美国人对总统的集体记忆。美国人对总统的面孔了解多少?在两个实验中,我们研究了总统面部识别并将面部识别与姓名识别进行了比较。在实验 1 中,一个在线样本判断美国总统的官方肖像和非总统的类似肖像是否都描绘了美国总统。面部识别率(约 60%)低于过去研究中的姓名识别率(88%),但整体模式仍然符合序列位置曲线。一些非总统,例如亚历山大·汉密尔顿,仍然被错误地认定为总统的比率很高。实验二中,某大学样本完成了由人脸和姓名组成的识别任务,直接比较识别率。正如预测的那样,受试者比面孔更频繁地识别总统的名字。一些总统经常以姓名而不是面孔来识别(例如约翰昆西亚当斯),而其他总统则相反(例如卡尔文柯立芝)。总之,我们的研究表明,美国人对总统面孔的记忆比他们对总统名字的记忆差一些,但仍然遵循相同的模式,表明集体记忆不仅仅包含口头信息。一个大学样本完成了由人脸和姓名组成的识别任务,以直接比较识别率。正如预测的那样,受试者比面孔更频繁地识别总统的名字。一些总统经常以姓名而不是面孔来识别(例如约翰昆西亚当斯),而其他总统则相反(例如卡尔文柯立芝)。总之,我们的研究表明,美国人对总统面孔的记忆比他们对总统名字的记忆差一些,但仍然遵循相同的模式,表明集体记忆不仅仅包含口头信息。一个大学样本完成了由人脸和姓名组成的识别任务,直接比较识别率。正如预测的那样,受试者比面孔更频繁地识别总统的名字。一些总统经常以姓名而不是面孔来识别(例如约翰昆西亚当斯),而其他总统则相反(例如卡尔文柯立芝)。总之,我们的研究表明,美国人对总统面孔的记忆比他们对总统名字的记忆差一些,但仍然遵循相同的模式,表明集体记忆不仅仅包含口头信息。一些总统经常以姓名而不是面孔来识别(例如约翰昆西亚当斯),而其他总统则相反(例如卡尔文柯立芝)。总之,我们的研究表明,美国人对总统面孔的记忆比他们对总统名字的记忆差一些,但仍然遵循相同的模式,表明集体记忆不仅仅包含口头信息。一些总统经常以姓名而不是面孔来识别(例如约翰昆西亚当斯),而其他总统则相反(例如卡尔文柯立芝)。总之,我们的研究表明,美国人对总统面孔的记忆比他们对总统名字的记忆差一些,但仍然遵循相同的模式,表明集体记忆不仅仅包含口头信息。
更新日期:2021-07-26
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