BACKGROUND The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic lead to high levels of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Consequences of this outbreak and possible associated infection are an increase in mental health disorders and an increased likelihood of internalizing problems, particularly depression. However, to date few studies have tested this hypothesis while taking into account individuals' preexisting mental health difficulties. METHODS We used longitudinal data collected among 729 persons in the context of the French TEMPO cohort between March and June 2020 (7 waves of data collection). COVID-19-like symptoms as well as anxiety/depression (assessed by the Adult Self Report), were reported at each wave of data collection. To study the relationship between COVID-19-like symptoms and anxiety/depression, we used generalized estimation equation (GEE) models controlled for socio-demographic and health-related characteristics, including anxiety/depression prior to 2020. RESULTS Overall, 27.2% of study participants reported anxiety/depression during lockdown. 17.1% of participants reported COVID-19-like symptoms during the course of follow-up, 7.3% after the beginning of lockdown, with an average number of 2.7 symptoms, and 3.6% reported respiratory distress. In multivariate analyses, nearly all the considered indicators of COVID-19-like symptoms were associated with higher odds of symptoms of anxiety/depression (symptoms Yes/No: OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.08-2.55; symptoms after the beginning of lockdown: OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.03-3.52; number of symptoms: OR for each additional symptom = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.02-1.39. This relationship exists after taking into account prior symptoms of anxiety/depression, which are associated with a 5-fold increased likelihood of psychological distress. And this impact is stronger among men than women. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows higher risk of anxiety/depression among persons who experienced COVID-19-like symptoms, even after accounting for prior mental health difficulties. COVID-19 infection could have both a direct and indirect impact on the occurrence of psychological difficulties, and this association should be studied in greater detail.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 样症状对法国一般人群封锁期间焦虑/抑郁发生的影响。

背景 COVID-19 疫情的爆发导致全球高发病率和高死亡率。这次爆发和可能的相关感染的后果是精神健康障碍的增加和内化问题的可能性增加，特别是抑郁症。然而，迄今为止，很少有研究在考虑到个人先前存在的心理健康困难的情况下测试了这一假设。方法 我们使用了在 2020 年 3 月至 2020 年 6 月期间在法国 TEMPO 队列中收集的 729 人的纵向数据（7 波数据收集）。在每一波数据收集中都报告了 COVID-19 样症状以及焦虑/抑郁（由成人自我报告评估）。为了研究 COVID-19 样症状与焦虑/抑郁之间的关系，我们使用了针对社会人口统计学和健康相关特征（包括 2020 年之前的焦虑/抑郁）进行控制的广义估计方程 (GEE) 模型。 结果 总体而言，27.2% 的研究参与者报告了锁定期间的焦虑/抑郁。17.1% 的参与者在随访过程中报告了类似 COVID-19 的症状，7.3% 在锁定开始后报告了类似症状，平均有 2.7 种症状，3.6% 报告了呼吸窘迫。在多变量分析中，几乎所有考虑的 COVID-19 样症状指标都与更高的焦虑/抑郁症状几率相关（症状是/否：OR = 1.66，95% CI = 1.08-2.55；锁定：OR = 1.91，95% CI = 1.03-3.52；症状数量：每个额外症状的 OR = 1.19，95% CI = 1.02-1.39。这种关系是在考虑到焦虑/抑郁的先前症状后存在的，这些症状与心理困扰的可能性增加了 5 倍有关。这种影响在男性中比女性更强。结论 我们的研究表明，即使在考虑了先前的心理健康问题之后，经历过 COVID-19 样症状的人也有更高的焦虑/抑郁风险。COVID-19 感染可能对心理困难的发生产生直接和间接的影响，应该更详细地研究这种关联。结论 我们的研究表明，即使在考虑了先前的心理健康问题之后，经历过 COVID-19 样症状的人也有更高的焦虑/抑郁风险。COVID-19 感染可能对心理困难的发生产生直接和间接的影响，应该更详细地研究这种关联。结论 我们的研究表明，即使在考虑了先前的心理健康困难之后，经历过 COVID-19 样症状的人也有更高的焦虑/抑郁风险。COVID-19 感染可能对心理困难的发生产生直接和间接的影响，应该更详细地研究这种关联。