Agricultural marketing cooperatives are of panoramic socioeconomic importance. As owners, decision-makers, and suppliers, their members' opportunism is of great concern to their competitiveness. In this study, we analyze sthe impact of governance mechanisms on opportunism. We explore the nonlinear effects and differences between the memberships of first-tier cooperatives and federated cooperatives. Empirical results show that not all the mechanisms are equally effective: effective mechanisms for first-tier cooperatives memberships should be employed with lower intensity, whereas those effective for federated cooperatives memberships need a higher intensity of employment. The results of this study allow presenting theoretical and managerial implications in an underexplored field of research [EconLit Citations: D22, D23, P13, Q13].

中文翻译：

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遏制一级和联合农业营销合作社成员的机会主义

农业营销合作社具有全面的社会经济意义。作为所有者、决策者和供应商，其成员的机会主义对其竞争力至关重要。在本研究中，我们分析了治理机制对机会主义的影响。我们探讨了一级合作社和联邦合作社成员之间的非线性效应和差异。实证结果表明，并非所有机制都同样有效：对一级合作社成员有效的机制应以较低的强度使用，而对联合合作社成员有效的机制则需要较高的使用强度。这项研究的结果允许在一个未充分探索的研究领域提出理论和管理意义 [EconLit Citations: D22, D23, P13, Q13]。