The aligned bond interfaces resulting from the layer-by-layer nature of material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (MEAM) leads to anisotropic properties in printed parts. This study examines the anisotropy in electrical impedance and its variation with print parameters. Samples consisting of a stack of filaments are used to study the interfaces, which are the fundamental building block of MEAM, in a controlled manner. Anisotropy was quantified using the ratio of the impedance measured across (Z-specimen) and along (F-specimen) the fiber orientation. Although the conductivity of the material was found to change with extrusion temperature, the Z/F ratio was found to be constant (2.15 ± 0.23), regardless of the variation in thermal conditions imposed by varying extrusion temperature and print speed. By varying the distance over which impedance was measured, impedance scaling was understood. The scaling was found to be dependent on the extrusion temperature regardless of the variation of print speed by 266%; ~12.5 Ω per interface for 190 ℃ while ~6.5 Ω per interface for 230 ℃, one-third of which was found to be contributed by fiber. While studying the cause for significant impedance at the interface, scanning electron microscopy study shows absence of airgaps at the interface, and energy dispersion spectroscopy shows absence of oxidation at the interface. The implications of specimen design and characterization proposed here allows for examination of a wide range of print parameters with reduction in material, time, and cost. Thus, by investigating the role of print parameters and scaling of impedance with interfaces, we seek to provide a framework to model and predict electrical behavior of electric sensors and actuators made with MEAM.

由基于材料挤出的增材制造 (MEAM) 的逐层性质产生的对齐键合界面导致打印部件的各向异性特性。本研究检查电阻抗的各向异性及其随打印参数的变化。由一堆细丝组成的样品用于以受控方式研究界面，这是 MEAM 的基本组成部分。各向异性使用跨（Z-试样）和沿（F-试样）纤维取向测量的阻抗比来量化。尽管发现材料的电导率随挤压温度而变化，但发现 Z/F 比是恒定的 (2.15 ± 0.23)，无论挤压温度和打印速度的变化会导致热条件的变化如何。通过改变测量阻抗的距离，可以理解阻抗缩放。发现缩放取决于挤出温度，而与 266% 的打印速度变化无关；190 ℃时每个界面约 12.5 Ω，而 230 ℃时每个界面约 6.5 Ω，其中三分之一是由纤维贡献的。在研究界面处显着阻抗的原因时，扫描电子显微镜研究显示界面处不存在气隙，能量色散光谱显示界面处不存在氧化。此处提出的样本设计和表征的含义允许检查各种打印参数，同时减少材料、时间和成本。因此，通过研究打印参数的作用和界面阻抗缩放，