In addressing the universal deployment of digital services it is necessary to decide on the breadth of "universality" and the type of functionality of "digital services". These two decisions are linked: certain desirable functionality does not lend itself to being implemented in some environments or with certain constraints. In this paper we define universality as achieving a level of universality in digital service that can bridge the digital divide not only throughout highly industrialized societies but also across the globe and in the face of disruption. We then argue that some of the characteristics of current Internet broadband service, in particular support for synchronous telepresence such as videoconferencing, is a barrier to implementation strategies that could enable cheap and resilient universal deploymen

中文翻译：

---

通过基本宽带实现通用数字服务

在解决数字服务的普遍部署问题时，有必要决定“普遍性”的广度和“数字服务”的功能类型。这两个决定是相互关联的：某些理想的功能不适合在某些环境中或在某些约束下实现。在本文中，我们将普遍性定义为实现数字服务的普遍性水平，不仅可以在高度工业化的社会中弥合数字鸿沟，而且可以在全球范围内和面对中断时弥合。然后，我们认为当前互联网宽带服务的某些特征，特别是对视频会议等同步网真的支持，是实施战略的障碍，这些战略可以实现廉价且有弹性的普遍部署。