Purpose: This study aimed to determine the rates of psychiatric medication users in the United States between 1999 to 2018 for different medication categories by age and sex. Methods: The 1999 to 2002, 2006 to 2009, and 2015 to 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS) were used for the analysis. All individuals with a valid age were included. Any antidepressant, benzodiazepine, attention deficit hyperactivity disease (ADHD) medication, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizer report use was defined as a medication user. Separate multivariable logistic regression predicted medication users by age with restricted cubic splines by sex, medication category, and year category (1999 to 2002, 2006 to 2009, and 2015 to 2018). In addition, the rate of prescribing to males and females at different ages was determined for medication categories. Results: Rates of any psychiatric medication users increased during the study period. Females had higher rates of medication users around 20 years of age. Rates of antidepressant users increased over time and were higher for females after earlier adolescence. Rates of benzodiazepine users were higher for females, increased after 1999 to 2002, and had consistent patterns of use over time. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer user rates were lower than other categories. Adolescent antipsychotic users markedly decreased between 2006 to 2009 and 2015 to 2018. Rates of ADHD medication users increased over time, particularly among younger adults between 25 and 50 years of age. Conclusion: The rates of individuals reporting the use of any psychiatric medications increased over the last few decades. Rates and patterns of medication users have large variations by medication category, age, and sex, but these patterns of use were stable for most medication categories.

中文翻译：

---

1999-2018 年美国按年龄和性别分列的精神科药物使用者

目的：本研究旨在确定 1999 年至 2018 年间美国不同年龄和性别药物类别的精神科药物使用者比率。方法：使用 1999 年至 2002 年、2006 年至 2009 年和 2015 年至 2018 年医疗支出小组调查（MEPS）进行分析。包括所有具有有效年龄的个人。任何报告使用抗抑郁药、苯二氮卓类药物、注意力缺陷多动症 (ADHD) 药物、抗精神病药物和情绪稳定剂的药物都被定义为药物使用者。单独的多变量逻辑回归通过性别、药物类别和年份类别（1999 年至 2002 年、2006 年至 2009 年和 2015 年至 2018 年）限制三次样条按年龄预测药物使用者。此外，针对药物类别确定了不同年龄男性和女性的处方率。结果：在研究期间，任何精神科药物使用者的比率都有所增加。女性在 20 岁左右的用药率较高。抗抑郁药使用者的比率随着时间的推移而增加，并且在青春期早期之后女性的比率更高。女性苯二氮卓类药物的使用率较高，在 1999 年至 2002 年之后有所增加，并且随着时间的推移具有一致的使用模式。抗精神病药和情绪稳定剂的使用率低于其他类别。在 2006 年至 2009 年和 2015 年至 2018 年期间，青少年抗精神病药物的使用者显着减少。ADHD 药物使用者的比率随着时间的推移而增加，尤其是在 25 至 50 岁的年轻人中。结论：在过去几十年中，报告使用任何精神科药物的个人比例有所增加。