Background: Recent studies suggest that intermittent fasting or skipping breakfast may be good strategies for weight loss and better health. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular breakfast is associated with overall or cardiovascular mortality. Methods: Cohort study with follow-up mortality data from the NHANES 1999–2002. National weighted sample. Outcomes were overall and cardiovascular mortality; secondary was fiber intake. Results: Out of 5761 participants, there were 4778 (82.9%) identified as breakfast eaters and 2027 deaths (35.2%); 469 (23.1%) deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases. The average daily intake of calories was 2015, and fiber was 16.3 g/day. A total of 17.7%, 66.0%, and 11.4% of participants had diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Analysis showed breakfast eaters were older, had lower body mass index, and ate more calories and fiber daily than non-breakfast eaters. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that compared to non-breakfast eaters, the breakfast eaters were less likely to experience mortality after multivariable adjustments (overall mortality: hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.84 and cardiovascular mortality: HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.32-0.63). For the breakfast eaters, fiber intake >25 g/day was associated with 21% (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96) reduction in all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustments. Conclusions: Regular daily intake of breakfast appears to be associated with lower overall and cardiovascular mortality, particularly when consuming fiber >25 g/day. Further studies examining specific breakfast foods and the timing of foods would be helpful.

中文翻译：

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死亡率与吃早餐和纤维之间的关系

背景：最近的研究表明，间歇性禁食或不吃早餐可能是减肥和改善健康的好策略。本研究的目的是确定规律早餐是否与总体死亡率或心血管死亡率有关。方法：采用 NHANES 1999-2002 随访死亡率数据的队列研究。国家加权样本。结果是总体死亡率和心血管死亡率；其次是纤维摄入量。结果：在 5761 名参与者中，有 4778 人（82.9%）被确定为早餐食者，2027 人死亡（35.2%）；469 人（23.1%）死于心血管疾病。2015 年平均每日卡路里摄入量为 16.3 克/天。总共有 17.7%、66.0% 和 11.4% 的参与者分别患有糖尿病、高血压和心血管疾病。分析表明，吃早餐的人比不吃早餐的人年龄更大，体重指数更低，每天摄入的卡路里和纤维更多。Cox 比例风险回归分析显示，与不吃早餐的人相比，吃早餐的人在进行多变量调整后发生死亡率的可能性较小（总死亡率：风险比 [HR]，0.69；95% 置信区间 [CI]，0.57-0.84 和心血管死亡率：HR，0.45；95% CI，0.32-0.63）。对于早餐吃者，多变量调整后，纤维摄入量 >25 克/天与全因死亡率降低 21%（HR，0.79；95% CI，0.66-0.96）相关。结论：每天定期摄入早餐似乎与较低的总体死亡率和心血管死亡率有关，特别是当纤维摄入量大于 25 克/天时。