One hundred and ten years after Noon's first clinical report of the subcutaneous application of allergen extracts, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has evolved as the most important pillar of the treatment of allergic patients. It is the only disease-modifying treatment option available and the evidence for its clinical efficacy and safety is broad and undisputed. Throughout recent decades, more insights into the underlying mechanisms, in particular the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, have been described. AIT is acknowledged by worldwide regulatory authorities, and following the regulatory guidelines for product development, AIT products are subject to a rigorous evaluation before obtaining market authorization. Knowledge and practice are anchored in international guidelines, such as the recently published series of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Innovative approaches continue to be further developed with the focus on clinical improvement by, for example, the usage of adjuvants, peptides, recombinants, modification of allergens, new routes of administration, and the concomitant use of biologicals. In addition, real-life data provide complementary and valuable information on the effectiveness and tolerability of this treatment option in the clinical routine. New mobile health technologies and big-data approaches will improve daily treatment convenience, adherence, and efficacy of AIT. However, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has also had some implications for the feasibility and practicability of AIT. Taken together, AIT as the only disease-modifying therapy in allergic diseases has been broadly investigated over the past 110 years laying the path for innovations and further improvement.

中文翻译：

---

一百一十年的过敏原免疫疗法：从经验观察到证据的旅程

在 Noon 首次报道过敏原提取物皮下应用的临床报告一百一十年后，过敏原免疫疗法 (AIT) 已发展成为过敏患者治疗的最重要支柱。它是唯一可用的改善疾病的治疗选择，其临床疗效和安全性的证据广泛且无可争议。近几十年来，已经描述了对潜在机制的更多见解，特别是先天性和适应性免疫反应的调节。AIT 得到全球监管机构的认可，并遵循产品开发的监管指南，AIT 产品在获得市场授权之前要经过严格的评估。知识和实践以国际准则为基础，例如最近出版的欧洲过敏和临床免疫学会 (EAACI) 系列。创新方法不断得到进一步开发，重点是临床改进，例如，佐剂、肽、重组体的使用、过敏原的修饰、新的给药途径以及生物制品的伴随使用。此外，现实生活中的数据提供了关于这种治疗方案在临床常规中的有效性和耐受性的补充和有价值的信息。新的移动健康技术和大数据方法将提高 AIT 的日常治疗便利性、依从性和疗效。然而，当前的 2019 冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行也对 AIT 的可行性和实用性产生了一些影响。综合起来，