ABSTRACT

Portuguese texts resisted the use of Spanish holonyms for naming the Philippines during the sixteenth century and up to the dynastic transition of 1580, when Philip II became king of Portugal. As a result of their maritime ventures, the Portuguese spatial perception of the present-day Philippines differed from that of Spanish officials, by not recognizing a specific identity for the archipelago within the context of South East Asian islands. This article analyses the place of Mindanao in the Portuguese spatial understanding of Island South East Asia by focusing on ethno-historical accounts and chronicles as well as manuscript cartography from the sixteenth century. The combined study of these sources demonstrates that from the 1520s through the 1570s Mindanao occupied a very different place in the Portuguese geographical mindset of the region. This only changed with the formal end of Iberian confrontation in South East Asia and not without Portuguese narratives on Mindanao also being incorporated into Spanish texts. The article focuses on an earlier stage in the construction of the Philippines’ geographical identity, one in which Mindanao occupied a more central role, and its echoes and influence on later Spanish texts destined to convey a unitarian, integrated view of the archipelago.

摘要

葡萄牙语文本在 16 世纪和 1580 年的王朝过渡期间（菲利普二世成为葡萄牙国王）反对使用西班牙全名来命名菲律宾。由于他们的海上冒险，葡萄牙人对当今菲律宾的空间感知与西班牙官员的不同，因为他们不承认该群岛在东南亚岛屿背景下的特定身份。本文通过关注 16 世纪的民族历史记述和编年史以及手稿制图，分析了棉兰老岛在葡萄牙人对东南亚岛屿空间理解中的地位。对这些资料的综合研究表明，从 1520 年代到 1570 年代，棉兰老岛在该地区的葡萄牙地理思维中占据了一个非常不同的位置。这只是随着东南亚伊比利亚对抗的正式结束而改变，并且并非没有葡萄牙关于棉兰老岛的叙述也被纳入西班牙文本。本文重点关注菲律宾地理特征构建的早期阶段，其中棉兰老岛占据了更核心的角色，以及它对后来的西班牙文本的回响和影响，这些文本注定要传达一种一元论的、综合的群岛观点。