Recent studies have shown that motor adaptation is an optimisation process on both kinematic error and effort. This work aims to induce a motor adaption in an experimental setup solely relying on the effort without any explicit kinematic error. In this experiment, the intervention space and adaptation space are decoupled: while the force field only applies to the hand linear velocity, the adaptation is expected to happen in the arm joint null space (i.e. the swivel angle). The primary hypothesis is that such an effort-based force field can induce a movement pattern change in an indirect manner. Secondarily, assuming that this adaptation may be further promoted through subtle prompts to explore the cost space, a variation of the approach with a progressive goal is also tested. Twenty naive subjects were allocated into two groups with slightly different implementations of the force field: one with a Constant Goal (CG) and another one with a Progressively changing Goal (PG). Subjects were asked to perform reaching tasks while attached to a 3D manipulandum. During the intervention, the device applied a resistive viscous force at the subject's hand as a function of the subject's swivel angle to encourage an increase of the latter. Significant increases of the swivel angle of 4.9° and 6.3° were observed for the CG and the PG groups respectively. This result confirms the feasibility of inducing motor adaptation in the redundant joint space by providing a task space intervention without explicit error feedback.

中文翻译：

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在没有显式错误反馈的情况下诱导人类运动适应：运动成本方法


最近的研究表明，运动适应是运动误差和努力的优化过程。这项工作的目的是在实验装置中诱导运动适应，仅依靠努力而没有任何明显的运动学误差。在这个实验中，干预空间和适应空间是解耦的：虽然力场仅适用于手部线速度，但适应预计发生在手臂关节零空间（即旋转角度）中。主要假设是，这种基于努力的力场可以间接地引起运动模式的变化。其次，假设这种适应可以通过探索成本空间的微妙提示来进一步促进，那么还测试了具有渐进目标的方法的变体。二十名天真的受试者被分为两组，力场的实现略有不同：一组具有恒定目标（CG），另一组具有渐进变化目标（PG）。受试者被要求在连接 3D 操作器的同时执行伸手任务。在干预期间，该设备根据受试者的旋转角度在受试者的手上施加阻力粘性力，以促进后者的增加。 CG 组和 PG 组的旋转角度分别显着增加 4.9° 和 6.3°。这一结果证实了通过提供任务空间干预而无需明确的错误反馈来在冗余关节空间中诱导运动适应的可行性。