Microplastic (MP) pollution steadily evolves into an alarming issue for global food security and the wellness of modern society. The increasing number of reports reveal the micro- and nanosized plastic fragments at almost every place on earth from the ocean bottom to the mountain top. MPs were also found in many living species, including humans. The omnipresence of MPs had put on the agenda the necessity of joint efforts aimed at controlling the volumes of production, limiting the single-use goods, encouraging responsible consumption, and improving waste management. MPs are very stable and degrading too slowly to rely on the natural self-cleansing capacity of the environment. This review describes the growing efforts in the development of efficient methods for removal, stimulated degradation, and recycling of MPs. The practiced approaches to the extraction of MPs from water probes, techniques for identification of polymer types, strategies for the stimulated natural and artificial degradation of the material are thoroughly discussed. The inquiry concludes with an overview of trends in the recycling of MPs and pollution control. The review covers about two hundred recent sources and allows a reader to oversee the whole spectrum of activities and to select the most appropriate techniques for a given task.

微塑料 (MP) 污染稳步发展成为全球粮食安全和现代社会健康的一个令人担忧的问题。越来越多的报告揭示了地球上从海底到山顶的几乎每个地方都有微米级和纳米级的塑料碎片。在包括人类在内的许多生物中也发现了 MPs。国会议员的无处不在已将共同努力的必要性提上议程，旨在控制生产量、限制一次性商品、鼓励负责任的消费和改善废物管理。MP 非常稳定，降解速度太慢，无法依靠环境的自然自洁能力。这篇综述描述了在开发有效的 MPs 去除、刺激降解和回收方法方面所做的越来越多的努力。深入讨论了从水探针中提取 MPs 的实践方法、聚合物类型的识别技术、材料受刺激的自然和人工降解的策略。调查最后概述了 MP 回收和污染控制的趋势。该评论涵盖了大约 200 个最近的资源，并允许读者监督整个活动范围并为给定任务选择最合适的技术。