Airborne fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is the largest environmental risk factor for premature mortality worldwide, and the probable cause of several hundred thousand premature deaths every year in India. Indian households contribute to ambient PM_2.5 directly from several sources, including biomass-burning cook stoves and transport, and indirectly through the manufacturing of products triggered by their purchases. Here, we quantify consumption-based PM_2.5 contributions from, as well as the mortality burden suffered by, urban and rural households by income deciles. Indirect PM_2.5 emissions contribute almost twice as much to ambient PM_2.5 concentrations as direct emissions from biomass cook stoves. We find that the impacts are distributed differently from contributions. We show that the mortality risk from indirect sources falls disproportionately on lower-income households. This suggests that industry‐wide pollution controls can reduce inequity in the impacts of ambient air pollution. However, as low-income households face an order of magnitude higher mortality risks from indoor air pollution, clean cooking fuels remain the most effective way to reduce the number of premature deaths from air pollution in India.

空气中的细颗粒物 (PM _2.5 ) 是全球过早死亡的最大环境风险因素，也是印度每年数十万人过早死亡的可能原因。印度家庭直接从多个来源（包括生物质燃烧炉灶和运输）以及通过购买引发的产品制造间接导致环境 PM _2.5。在这里，我们量化了基于消费的 PM _2.5贡献，以及收入十分位数的城市和农村家庭所遭受的死亡率负担。间接 PM _2.5排放对环境 PM _{2.5 的}贡献几乎是其两倍浓度作为生物质炉灶的直接排放。我们发现影响的分布与贡献不同。我们表明，来自间接来源的死亡风险不成比例地落在低收入家庭身上。这表明全行业的污染控制可以减少环境空气污染影响的不平等。然而，由于低收入家庭因室内空气污染而面临高出一个数量级的死亡风险，清洁烹饪燃料仍然是减少印度因空气污染而过早死亡人数的最有效方法。