One of the most fundamental questions in developmental biology is how one fertilized cell can give rise to a fully mature organism and how gene regulation governs this process. Precise spatiotemporal gene expression is required for development and is believed to be achieved through a complex interplay of sequence-specific information, epigenetic modifications, trans-acting factors, and chromatin folding. Here we review the role of chromatin folding during development, the mechanisms governing 3D genome organization, and how it is established in the embryo. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances and debated questions regarding the contribution of the 3D genome to gene regulation during organogenesis. Finally, we describe the mechanisms that can reshape the 3D genome, including disease-causing structural variations and the emerging view that transposable elements contribute to chromatin organization.

中文翻译：

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3D 或非 3D：在发育过程中塑造基因组


发育生物学中最基本的问题之一是一个受精细胞如何产生完全成熟的生物体以及基因调控如何控制这一过程。精确的时空基因表达是发育所必需的，并且被认为是通过序列特异性信息、表观遗传修饰、反式作用因子和染色质折叠的复杂相互作用来实现的。在这里，我们回顾了染色质折叠在发育过程中的作用、控制 3D 基因组组织的机制，以及它如何在胚胎中建立。此外，我们讨论了有关 3D 基因组对器官发生过程中基因调控的贡献的最新进展和有争议的问题。最后，我们描述了可以重塑 3D 基因组的机制，包括引起疾病的结构变异以及转座元件有助于染色质组织的新兴观点。