Anelloviruses are a ubiquitous component of healthy human viromes and remain highly prevalent after being acquired early in life. The full extent of “anellome” diversity and its evolutionary dynamics remain unexplored. We employed in-depth sequencing of blood-transfusion donor(s)-recipient pairs coupled with public genomic resources for a large-scale assembly of anellovirus genomes and used the data to characterize global and personal anellovirus diversity through time. The breadth of the anellome is much greater than previously appreciated, and individuals harbor unique anellomes and transmit lineages that can persist for several months within a diverse milieu of endemic host lineages. Anellovirus sequence diversity is shaped by extensive recombination at all levels of divergence, hindering traditional phylogenetic analyses. Our findings illuminate the transmission dynamics and vast diversity of anelloviruses and set the foundation for future studies to characterize their biology.

指环病毒是健康人类病毒组中无处不在的组成部分，并且在生命早期获得后仍然非常流行。“anellome”多样性的全部范围及其进化动态仍未得到探索。我们对输血供者-受者对进行深度测序，结合公共基因组资源大规模组装指环病毒基因组，并使用这些数据来表征全球和个人指环病毒随时间的多样性。anellome 的广度比以前认识的要大得多，并且个体拥有独特的 anellomes 和传播谱系，这些谱系可以在不同的地方性宿主谱系环境中持续数月。指环病毒序列多样性是由在所有分歧水平上的广泛重组形成的，阻碍了传统的系统发育分析。