Disagreements about what we owe to each other and about how to live pervade different dimensions of human interaction. We communicate our different moral and normative views in discourse. These disputes have features that are challenging to some semantic theories. This paper assesses recent Stalnakerian views of communication in moral and normative domains. These views model conversational context updates made with normative claims. They also aim to explain disputes between people who follow different norms or values. The paper presents various problems for these Stalnakerian views. Together, the problems show the insufficiency of metasemantic theories based only on speakers’ psychological states in general, and of their application to normative communication in particular. The paper concludes that the problems require a new conception of how common ground relates to illocutionary force and attitude mode.

中文翻译：

---

规范纠纷中的言外力与态度模式

关于我们彼此欠什么以及如何生活的分歧遍及人类互动的不同层面。我们在话语中传达我们不同的道德和规范观点。这些争议具有对某些语义理论具有挑战性的特征。本文评估了斯达纳克最近在道德和规范领域的传播观点。这些视图对使用规范声明进行的对话上下文更新进行建模。他们还旨在解释遵循不同规范或价值观的人之间的争端。这篇论文针对这些 Stalnakerian 的观点提出了各种问题。总之，这些问题表明仅基于说话者心理状态的元语义理论是不充分的，特别是它们在规范交流中的应用。