Climate vulnerability assessments of coastal cities rarely include groundwater flooding induced by sea level rise. Unlike surface flooding from tides or storm surge, groundwater flooding is not prevented by seawalls. In cities where the underlying geology is relatively impermeable, groundwater can be drained and pumped over floodwalls as a defensive measure, as is done in the Netherlands. In areas where the underlying geology is highly permeable, managed retreat may be the only practical option. Considering the impacts of groundwater flooding is essential to improving urban vulnerability assessments and formulating realistic resilience strategies.

中文翻译：

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高估沿海城市弹性：地下水问题

沿海城市的气候脆弱性评估很少包括海平面上升引起的地下水泛滥。与潮汐或风暴潮造成的地表洪水不同，海堤无法防止地下水泛滥。在底层地质相对不透水的城市中，可以将地下水排干并泵过防洪墙作为防御措施，就像在荷兰所做的那样。在底层地质具有高渗透性的地区，有管理的撤退可能是唯一可行的选择。考虑地下水泛滥的影响对于改进城市脆弱性评估和制定现实的复原力战略至关重要。