Abstract: Increasing the speed of eating or decreasing the amount of chewing of a test meal significantly decreases its satiation, increases concomitant caloric intake, and influences entero-endocrine secretion. Speed of eating is a strong risk factor for obesity and longitudinal studies suggest an etiological relationship. Individuals with obesity have an increase in bite size, less chewing per bite, decreased satiation, and greater food intake. Oral processing in terms of bite size and amount of chewing per gram of food is influenced by food texture and textural complexity. Soft foods increase bite size and decrease chewing per gram of food and meal duration compared to hard foods. An ultra-processed diet can lead to greater weight gain than a non-processed diet and a significant increase in eating rate. Many children with obesity are noted by their parents to have persistent hunger on a questionnaire and this is often extreme. Results of attempts to change eating behavior have been mixed in terms of producing long-term changes in eating behavior and body weight. It is hypothesized that there may be a unidirectional relationship between changes in oral processing, satiation and weight gain. However, the presence of persistent hunger can produce a vicious cycle that may exacerbate obesity and make treatment difficult. The increased energy density of foods as found particularly in ultra-processed foods also influences energy intake and obesity.

Keywords: obesity, eating behavior, nutrition, satiation


中文翻译：

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口腔处理、饱腹感和肥胖：概述和假设

摘要：增加进食速度或减少试食的咀嚼量会显着降低其饱腹感，增加伴随的热量摄入，并影响肠内分泌。进食速度是肥胖的重要危险因素，纵向研究表明存在病因关系。肥胖个体的咬口大小增加，每口咀嚼次数减少，饱腹感降低，食物摄入量增加。就每克食物的咬合大小和咀嚼量而言，口腔加工受食物质地和质地复杂性的影响。与硬质食物相比，软质食物会增加每克食物的咀嚼量并减少每克食物的咀嚼量和用餐时间。与非加工饮食相比，超加工饮食可以导致更大的体重增加和进食率的显着增加。许多肥胖儿童的父母在问卷中指出他们有持续的饥饿感，这通常是极端的。在饮食行为和体重的长期变化方面，尝试改变饮食行为的结果喜忧参半。据推测，口腔处理、饱腹感和体重增加的变化之间可能存在单向关系。然而，持续饥饿的存在会产生恶性循环，可能会加剧肥胖并导致治疗困难。特别是在超加工食品中发现的食物能量密度增加也会影响能量摄入和肥胖。在饮食行为和体重的长期变化方面，尝试改变饮食行为的结果喜忧参半。据推测，口腔处理、饱腹感和体重增加的变化之间可能存在单向关系。然而，持续饥饿的存在会产生恶性循环，可能会加剧肥胖并导致治疗困难。特别是在超加工食品中发现的食物能量密度增加也会影响能量摄入和肥胖。在饮食行为和体重的长期变化方面，尝试改变饮食行为的结果喜忧参半。据推测，口腔处理、饱腹感和体重增加的变化之间可能存在单向关系。然而，持续饥饿的存在会产生恶性循环，可能会加剧肥胖并导致治疗困难。特别是在超加工食品中发现的食物能量密度增加也会影响能量摄入和肥胖。

关键词：肥胖，饮食行为，营养，饱腹感