The formation of mud volcanoes/mud diapirs is directly related to oil and gas accumulation and gas-hydrate mineralization. Their eruptive activities easily cause engineering accidents and may increase the greenhouse effect by the eruption of methane gas. Many scholars have performed much research on the developmental characteristics, geochemistry, and carbon emissions of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes, but the formation mechanism of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes is still controversial. Mud diapirs and mud volcanoes are especially developed in the northern South China Sea and are accompanied by abundant oil, gas, and gas-hydrate resources. Based on the mud volcanoes/mud diapirs in the northern South China Sea, the physical simulation experiments of mud diapir/mud volcano formation and evolution under different fluid pressures and tectonic environments have been performed by loading a fluid-input system in traditional sandbox simulation equipment. The genetic mechanism of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes is revealed, and a fluid-leakage model of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes under different geological conditions is established. We believe that in an overpressured environment, the greater the thickness of the overlying strata is, the greater the pressure or power required for the upward migration of muddy fluid to penetrate the overlying strata. Tectonic activity promotes the development of mud volcanos/mud diapirs. To a certain extent, the more intense the tectonic activity is, the more significant the effect of promoting the development of mud volcanoes/mud diapirs and the larger the mud diapirs/mud volcanoes become.

中文翻译：

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基于物理模拟的泥火山/泥底辟形成机制

泥火山/泥底辟的形成与油气成藏和天然气水合物成矿直接相关。它们的喷发活动容易引发工程事故，并可能因甲烷气体的喷发而加剧温室效应。许多学者对泥底辟/泥火山的发育特征、地球化学和碳排放进行了大量研究，但泥底辟/泥火山的形成机制仍存在争议。泥底辟和泥火山在南海北部特别发育，伴随着丰富的石油、天然气和天然气水合物资源。基于南海北部的泥火山/泥底辟，通过在传统的沙箱模拟设备中加载流体输入系统，进行了不同流体压力和构造环境下泥底辟/泥火山形成和演化的物理模拟实验。揭示了泥底辟/泥火山的成因机制，建立了不同地质条件下泥底辟/泥火山的流体渗漏模型。我们认为，在超压环境中，上覆地层的厚度越大，泥质流体向上运移穿透上覆地层所需的压力或动力就越大。构造活动促进了泥火山/泥底辟的发展。在一定程度上，构造活动越强烈，