The introduction of legal reforms in the sixteenth century that gave the Hanafi school its central place in the Ottoman legal system coincided with the arrival of new trade partners from the West, first France and later England and the Dutch Republic. The Ottoman authorities’ own emphasis on the primacy of written proof and the marginalization of oral testimony was also reflected in the privileges granted to these new arrivals from the West. Although many European ambassadors and consuls distrusted “Turkish justice”, the Ottoman legal system’s stability and predictability contributed considerably to creating favourable conditions of trade.

中文翻译：

---

近代早期投降与奥斯曼帝国法院之间的书面证明

十六世纪引入的法律改革使哈纳菲学派在奥斯曼帝国法律体系中占据中心地位，恰逢西方新贸易伙伴的到来，首先是法国，后来是英国和荷兰共和国。奥斯曼当局自己强调书面证据的首要地位和口头证词的边缘化也反映在授予这些来自西方的新移民的特权上。尽管许多欧洲大使和领事不信任“土耳其司法”，但奥斯曼帝国法律体系的稳定性和可预测性为创造有利的贸易条件做出了巨大贡献。