Interconnected LPWAN devices, which create the IoT, are usually powered by batteries that significantly limit their operational lifetime. The main disadvantage of batteries is that they must be periodically/manually replaced with new ones or recharged when they are depleted. This kind of maintenance increases the cost and restricts the large-scale deployments of these devices. Furthermore, wireless communication between distributed devices and gateways (or base stations) consumes a significant amount of energy, even more, if data has to be sent to a distance of several kilometers. When considering the limitations of battery power and long operating life, alternative energy sources, energy harvesting techniques, and power management strategies are required for LPWAN IoT devices to operate seamlessly and efficiently. Therefore, the development of energy-efficient solutions for such devices is a crucial issue. In this study, we designed and implemented an energy-aware system model to operate LPWAN IoT devices that have multiple wireless communication technologies (Wi-Fi, dual-mode Bluetooth, LoRa, SigFox, LTE-M) batteryless and maximize their operational lifetime in the IoT environment. We designed an energy harvesting system that couples a solar panel with a supercapacitor to achieve self-sustainability in a heterogeneous short-and long-range network and improve energy efficiency. We developed a power-aware software running on a MicroPython-enabled embedded operating system to manage the device power consumption by exploiting the power modes of the system hardware components. We performed a simulation based on a probabilistic sensing model to evaluate how the proposed method influences the overall energy efficiency of the LPWAN IoT network. In our experimental study and simulation, we demonstrated our system model saved energy in the solar-powered supercapacitor-operated LPWAN IoT device, and observed that the device operated well with low-power consumption without any performance degradation.

创建物联网的互连 LPWAN 设备通常由电池供电，这极大地限制了其使用寿命。电池的主要缺点是必须定期/手动更换新电池或在电量耗尽时重新充电。这种维护增加了成本并限制了这些设备的大规模部署。此外，分布式设备和网关（或基站）之间的无线通信会消耗大量能量，如果必须将数据发送到几公里的距离，则甚至更多。考虑到电池功率和长使用寿命的限制，LPWAN 物联网设备需要替代能源、能量收集技术和电源管理策略才能无缝高效地运行。所以，为此类设备开发节能解决方案是一个关键问题。在这项研究中，我们设计并实施了一个能量感知系统模型来运行具有多种无线通信技术（Wi-Fi、双模蓝牙、LoRa、SigFox、LTE-M）的 LPWAN 物联网设备，并在无电池的情况下最大限度地延长其使用寿命物联网环境。我们设计了一个能量收集系统，该系统将太阳能电池板与超级电容器耦合，以在异构短距离和远程网络中实现自我维持并提高能源效率。我们开发了一种在启用 MicroPython 的嵌入式操作系统上运行的功耗感知软件，通过利用系统硬件组件的功耗模式来管理设备功耗。我们基于概率传感模型进行了模拟，以评估所提出的方法如何影响 LPWAN 物联网网络的整体能源效率。在我们的实验研究和模拟中，我们展示了我们的系统模型在太阳能超级电容器供电的 LPWAN 物联网设备中节能，并观察到该设备运行良好，功耗低，没有任何性能下降。